Er: 
1906. No. 3. AMUNDSEN’S OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS IN 1901. 109 
expected that this cold water will then approach nearest to the sea-surface, 
or at least to the under side of the ice; which is not the case. It has 
- been pointed out above, that during the summer, while the ice is melting, 
the surface strata of the sea become warmer, and the upper limit of the 
på 
cold bottom-water sinks towards greater depths; during the winter, 
… however, while ice is being formed, the upper strata are cooled towards 
_ their minimum temperature, and the cold bottom-water approaches near 
the surface. It is thus seen that no cold bottom-water of the Nor- 
- wegian Sea can under any circumstances be formed directly by cooling 
due to the melting of Polar ice, and only to a very small extent by the 
melting of Arctic ice, formed in the northern Norwegian Sea. If there 
were ice-bergs it might be a different thing, but ice-bergs of sufficient 
size only occur near to the Greenland coast, and their number is not 
sufficiently great, to make them of much importance in this connection. 
