32 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND 
bidentata being the only frequent species. When the 
woods are near the base of the hills, though still at a low 
altitude, as below 500 ft., species are found to be more 
plentiful, and include Frullania Tamarisci in some quantity 
on trees, and several other low-ground species on moist 
banks. 
In the wooded linns running through the cultivated 
region hepatics occur in considerable quantity, but the 
number of species is few. Conocephalum conicum, Pellia 
epiphylla, Metzgeria furcata, Nardia scalaris, N. hyalina, 
Plagiochila asplenioides, Lejeunea cavifolia, Calypogera 
fissa, C. Trichomanis, Scapania purpwrascens with at 
times S. wrdulata, form the bulk of the hepatic vegetation. 
Less frequent species are Haplozia pumila, H. riparia, 
Calypogeia arguta, and Saccogyna viticulosa. In some of 
the linns Chiloscyphus is found in quantity. When the 
linns are near the base of the hills, though at a low altitude, 
they have a more subalpine flora, with Preissia quadrata 
and Marsupella emarginata on the rocks. 
The rocks on the sea-shore are mostly dry and have few 
species, the most interesting being Saccogyna, Marchesinia 
Mackaii, Frullania fragilifolia, F. microphylla, and Mado- 
theca Thuja, all these, with the exception of the first, being 
rare. 
Permanent pasture extends in the upper Clyde valley to 
about 1000-1100 ft., and gradually passes into hill-pasture 
and moorland. There is little change in the hepatic flora 
of the hills up to 1700-1800 ft., where Vaccinium and 
Polytrichum frequently occur in quantity; and if there be 
a cap of peat from about this altitude, and covering the 
summits, the characteristic species are Leptocyphus Taylori, 
Lophozvia incisa, Lepidozia reptans, Cephalozia lwnule- 
folia, and C. leucantha. If there be no peat on the summits, 
hepatics are very scarce, there being little more than 
Nardia scalaris and Diplophyllum albicans. In the 
granite districts of Kirkcudbright, where the rock is fre- 
quently exposed, hepatics are much more plentiful on the 
hills, and the subalpine species are found to be frequent 
from 300-400 ft. upwards. In this district there are also 
a few alpine species, Gymnomitrium coneimmnatum, G. 
obtusum, GO. alpinwm, Lophozia alpestris, Harpanthus 
