36 THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC IN SCOTLAND 
and Cephulozia leucantha on peaty banks. At these 
altitudes also, Nardia scalaris begins to be found in 
quantity, Anewra pinguis with A. multifida sometimes 
common, and Lophozia Muelleri occasionally frequent ; 
Lophozia ventricosa often becomes very common, and 
Scapania purpurascens more frequent. When the valleys 
descend from fairly high hills, as 1500-1700 ft., into dens 
or glens near their base, at the low level of 500 ft. or so, 
many of the subalpine species are found at this level. 
Also when a series of shaded rocks occurs in the course of 
a stream below 1000 ft., some of the subalpine species are 
also found there. Towards the head-waters of the Tweed 
valley in the parish of Tweedsmuir, which is in the centre 
of the most hilly district, subalpine species are found widely 
distributed from 950 ft. upwards. Besides the main range 
of hills in the East Lowlands, a few subalpine species are 
found on the isolated hills, and a very few on the sand- 
dunes on the coast. 
On hills in which grasses form the predominant vegeta- 
tion, hepatics are very scarce, and have no characteristic 
subalpine species, except in detached places where peat has 
accumulated, or on the banks of streams. On the _ hills 
which have a layer of peat on the higher parts we find on 
the peaty banks Leptocyphus Taylor, Cephalozia lewcantha, 
C. lunuleefolia, Lophozia wmeisa, Lepidozia setacea, Caly- 
pogera Trichomanis, ete. The height at which the peat is 
found varies greatly. It is found in quantity at the 
lowest altitude of 1000-1200 ft. towards the watershed of 
the Tweed and Moffat dales. 
EASTERN HIGHLANDS AND [FIFE 
The district here given is of large extent, but from the 
vreat similarity of its hepatic vegetation it may be taken 
as a whole. There is a broad belt of cultivated ground 
towards the coast—this includes most of Fife—and which 
extends over most of the district up to 800-900 ft. alt., but 
in the north-west this belt becomes narrower and does not 
extend as high. Above this, the subalpine region has 
comparatively few species in the dryer parts of the district, 
but becomes rich in species as it approaches the higher 
