100 = Results of a Second Geological Survey of Russia. 
To this Permian system” we refer the chief deposits of gypsum of 
Arzamas, of Kazan, and of the rivers Piana, Kama, and Oufa, and of the 
environs of Orenbourg ; we also place in it the saline sources of Solikamsk 
and Sergiefsk, and the rock salt of Ietsk and other localities in the go- 
vernment of Orenbourg, as well as all the copper mines and the large ac- 
cumulations of plants and petrified wood, of which you have given a list 
in the “ Bulletin” of your Society (anno 1840). Of the fossils of this sys- 
tem, some undescribed species of Producti might seem to connect the 
Permain with the carboniferous cera ; and other shells, together with fishes 
and saurians, link it on more closely to the period of the Zechstein, whilst 
its peculiar plants appear to constitute a Flora of a type intermediate be- 
tween the epochs of the new red-sandstone or “ trias” and the coal- 
measures. Hence it is that I have ventured to consider this series as , 
orthy of being regarded as a “ System.” 
The overlying red deposits which occupy a great basin in the govern- 
ments of Vologda and Nijni Novogorod, have not as yet been found to 
contain any organic remains except minute Cyprides and badly preserved 
Modiole ; but when we take into consideration their thickness, geological 
position, and mineral characters, we are disposed to think that they may 
at some future day be identified with a portion of the “ Trias” of German 
geologists. Iam strengthened in this opinion by Count Keyserling’s dis- 
covering, during our tour at Monte Bogdo, certain fossils which are un- 
known in other parts of Russia, but which are associated with the Ammo- 
nites Bogdoanus already described by Von Buch, and which that distin- 
guished geologist refers to the type of the muschelkalk. 
True lias does not exist in Russia, as Von Buch had decided from an 
examination of fossils sent to him; but the Jurassic or oolitic series is 
divisible into two stages. The lowest of these, which is much more de- 
veloped than the upper, never occupies any considerable tract of country, 
being either distributed in patches, or hidden by newer accumulations. 
From the eastern flanks of the Ural chain in the 64° of N, latitude to the 
Caspian Sea, it preserves nearly the same mineral and fossil characters. 
This formation represents’ the inferior and middle oolite. The ferruginous 
sands, calcareous grits, and black schists of the Moskwa are of this age ; 
and also those beds which were examined last year on the Volja between 
Kostroma and Kinshma, at Makarief upon the Unja, as well as those 
shales and sands which we have scen this year in many other localities, 
particularly between Arzamas and Simbirsk, between Syzran and Saratof, 
at Saragula, and on the river [lek near Orenbourg. 
The upper oolite group occurs in several situations along the Donetz, 
where it was first recognised by Major Bléde. It is calcareous, often 
oolitic, of light yellow colour, and contains many Trigonie, Nerinee, &c., 
which enable us to compare it with the upper Jura of the Germans, or 
Portland and Coral rag division of my own country. 
The ecretaceous system, though composed of very different beds of 
marls, white chalk, sands and grits (sometimes green), offers for the most 
