On the Scratches observed on the Rocks of Finland. 108 
The scratches present themselves on slaty rocks just as they 
do on massive rocks, and generally proceed uninterruptedly 
from one rock to the other, undergoing a change only owing 
to a difference of hardness; that is to say, they are deeper on 
a softer rock, like hornblende slate, than on a harder rock like 
granite, gneiss, &e. 3. There is always one side of the rcexs 
specially polished, that being the north-west in Southern Fin- 
land, and the sowth-west on the Icy Sea, as was remarked forty 
years previously by Lasteyrie.* 4. Weathering is the greatest 
enemy of the scratches; for, where the rocks were protected 
from the weather, the polishing and scratching are the most 
distinct. 5. The scratches exhibit frequently a deviation 
from their normal direction where the rocks have a strong 
lateral inclination, and this deviation takes place, as was previ- 
ously remarked by Sefstrém, in the direction of the inclination. 
Mr Boéhtlingk had also many opportunities of observing 
those remarkable raised beaches or dikes of rolled stones 
(masses of pebbles and rolled stones arranged in horizontal 
terraces), which afford such undoubted proofs of a previously 
different relative level of the water. He found them as well 
on the coasts (on the Gulf of Bothnia and the Icy Sea) as in- 
land, surrounding isolated rocky hills (as, for example, the 
terraces extending to the summit of the Kallikangas near 
Tornea, which is 174 feet in height; also at Wammavaara, 
Ounasavaara, on the mountains near Kemitrask, &c.)+ It is 
evident that these banks stand in intimate connection with 
those narrow long sand ridges (Asern), which are as frequent 
in Finland as in Sweden, and like the morasses and long lakes 
* Von Leonhard’s Lehrbuch der Geognosie, 1835, p. 259. 
+ Similar stone dikes are known to exist on the coast of Norway, as was 
previously observed by L. v. Buch, and more lately by Bravais. The latter 
distinguishes two such previous lines of level, of which the upper has a 
height of 67.4 metres in the Kaafjord, which gradually sinks to 42.6 metres 
at the mouth of the Jernelv, and then falls still more rapidly till it reaches 
Hammerfert, where the height amounts to only 28.6 metres. The lower one 
has similar phases, and is inclined about thirty-five minutes ; at Bosekop, in 
the Altenfjord, it has a height of 27.7 metres, and sinks at Hammerfert to 
14.1 metres. Here, then, we have lines which are neither horizontal nor 
parallel. See Comptes Rendus, vol. x. p, 691, and Edin. New Phil. Journal, 
vol. xxix. p. 164, 
