( 54 ) 



On the Geography and Geology of Northern and Central Tur- 

 key. Part II. Geology. By Dr A. BotiE'. Communica- 

 ted by the Author. (Concluded from p. 270 of preceding- 

 volume.) 



European Turkey contains all kinds of Plutonic erupted 

 masses which occur elsewhere, with the exception of the old 

 secondary porphyries. 



Large erupted masses of granite occur in the central parts 

 of Turkey ; in the Perindagh ; in the Kreshna hill in the 

 Rilo-Planina ; in the Despotodagh S. of Phihppopolis ; W. of 

 Kostendil ; at Istip ; between the plains of Seres and Salo- 

 nichi ; in the northern part of the Bitoglia chains ; in Servia, 

 &c. In this last country I did not find many granites ; but 

 Leptinites (whitestone) occur to the S. of the Levanza valley, 

 and there are veins of pegmatite in the gneiss of that place. 



To the N. E. of Maidan in the hills of Kudnik, we found 

 a small dome-shaped hill of porphyritic granite among the mi- 

 caceous greywacke. This granite contains many veins of 

 small-grained granite, which, being hardei', are less Uable to 

 decompose, and thus form peculiarly shaped elevations. In the 

 Avala hill S. of Belgrade, a dyke of the same kind of granite 

 occurs in transition slates, which are much altered and indura- 

 ted at the junction, and a bed of compact hmestone has been 

 changed into granular. 



The granite of the Rilo-Planina and the hills S. of PhiUp- 

 popolis is associated with gneiss, which is often of a very fel- 

 spathic nature, and with hornblende rocks resembling those in 

 Glencroe in Scotland. The granite has spread itself in the 

 form of veins in all directions through the neighbouring gneiss. 

 These veins are often of the most fantastical forms, and fre- 

 quently pass into pegmatite granite with garnets. Indeed the 

 granite of these chains seems sometimes to be only large veins 

 or dykes with salbandes of granitoidal gneiss. 



A most beautiful example of the granitic eruptions is found 

 at three quarters of a league W. of the Convent of Rilo. The 

 gneiss at this place contains a small bed of granular limestone, 

 and the granite has insinuated itself in the form of a dykethrough 



