Northern and Central Turkey. 57 



range the sienite forms a large bed-like djke in the midst of 

 the slaty greywacke rocks, and the slate at its junction with the 

 igneous rock is converted into hornfeh. At the summit of the 

 Kopaunik (Kopaunegh), we find, in contact with each other, 

 quartzose gneiss, quartzite, hornfels, garnet rock compact or 

 crystallized, slate distinctly altered into a compact jasper- 

 striped rock or hornfels, garnet rock with nests of magnetic 

 iron-ore and carbonate of copper, sienite, and gneiss. Beauti- 

 ful porphyritic sienites are met with on the western and N. W. 

 declivity of the Kopaunik, and farther on there are decompo- 

 sed varieties. The sienitic dykes run E. — W. ; and the chain 

 of hills, and also the slates, run N. — S. The sienite extends 

 from that part of Servia into Bosnia, as in the Ratschka valley 

 in the Novibazar district, where I also observed some altered 

 slates. The sienite in the gneiss of the Florina-Planina con- 

 tains crystals of sphene and nodules of fibrous black crystalli- 

 zed hornblende. It forms a dyke in the gneiss, in which lat- 

 ter kaolin occurs ; at the junction the gneiss is of a whitish co- 

 lour, with pale greenish mica. In one part of the dyke I ob- 

 served a patch of quartzose gneiss, which had the appearance 

 of having been partly fused. Higher up, quartzite, and talc- 

 slate with nodules of quartz, are associated with the gneiss, and 

 the sienite is found decaying in the same manner as the slates. 

 Proiogine forms a vast deposit in the wild hills E. and N.E. 

 of Castoria. This beautiful rock is sometimes porphyritic. It 

 is bounded on the E. by gneiss, and on the W. by recent slaty 

 arenaceous limestone rocks and greywacke ; and it probably 

 occurs with the talcose conglomerate rocks which fonn the 

 north side of the Lake of Castoria. The gneiss gradually 

 passes into a series of rocks in which gneiss is subordinate to 

 chloritic and talcose slates, with quartzite and leptinites. These 

 last rocks constitute the whole eastern side of the hills from Bi- 

 toglia to the S. of Fiorina. It was not possible for me to see the 

 junction between the protogine and the preceding rocks ; they 

 are separated on the N. by a deep valley. In the Tschardagh 

 it appears that there is not only gneiss, but also granitoidal 

 protogine, as I found blocks of it in the old alluvium north 

 of Kacsanik, but it is by no means so distinct as that of Castoria. 



