Hot and Thermal Springs. 355 



That the above causes tend in most cases to raise the tempe- 

 rature of the waters which issue from them, is also proved by 

 the observations made at my request by my friend Professor 

 Ennemoser in Tyrol,, in the summer of 1833. At ten different 

 parts of six glaciers, he found the temperature of the water to 

 rise as high as 34°.2. The large brook, which issues from the 

 Pfelderer glacier, shewed at its first appearance a temperature 

 of 35°.8. This high temperature was probably caused by this 

 glacier having a southern aspect, and by the cavirn out of which 

 the stream flows extending itself very far beneath the glacier ; 

 for Ennemoser succeeded in penetrating to a great distance into 

 the cavern, along the bed of the brook, and saw that the cavern 

 extended much farther. And as the observation was made in 

 J uly, thei-e is the more reason to believe that this stream was in- 

 debted for its high temperature to warm currents of air. 



The waters which collect on the glaciers themselves, as well 

 as those which lie stagnant in holes in the ice, I found from nu- 

 merous observations in the Eismeer of the lower Grindelwald 

 glacier, and on the Lammcrn glacier, to have a temperature al- 

 ways between — 32°.2 and 32°.0. Into one of these holes, 

 which was 85 feet deep, with almost perpendicular walls, and 

 the opening of which measured 2^ square feet, I sunk a glass 

 bottle, which had been previously filled with water, of the sur- 

 face of the hole, nearly to the bottom. I enveloped the bottle 

 in wood-shavings, in order to prevent the contact of the glass 

 with the ice. After the bottle had remained there 65 minutes, 

 I drew it quickly up, and found the temperature of the water 

 to be -|- 32°.4 At the surface, the temperature in this hole had 

 a temperature of exactly 32".0, while some which ran slowly into 

 it out of a crack, about one inch deep, gave a temperature of 

 — 32°.2. The water which had collected in another hole, six feet 

 deep, showed a temperature of -f- 32°. 4; already at its surface. 

 These observations prove clearly, that water which lies stagnant 

 in holes in the ice, is warmed at its surface by the contact 

 with the air, and, being thus rendered heavier, sinks to the bot- 

 tom. It is well known that Rumford* has endeavoured to ac- 

 count for the formation of these holes in the glaciers, as well as 



• Gilbert's Annals, Ixviii. 362. 

 VOL. XXIII. NO. XI.VI. OCTOBER 1837. A a 



