6 FRULLANIA. 
concave upper surface of the pedicel, #.¢., the inner base of the capsule). 
The apophysis has therefore the form of a shallow cup, only 2 or 3 cells 
in thickness where it joins the true base of the valves, but increasing to 
6 or 7 cells thick where it coalesces with the cylindrical stalk. The 
pedicel consists of pale thin-walled cells, which are 6-sided prisms, at 
first no longer than broad, but stretching out to two or three times the 
length on the emission of the capsule ; and they are alternate, so that in 
drying their ends do not form transverse articulations, as do the 
collateral and contiguous ends of the opposite cells in the pedicel of 
Lejeunea. The cells of the apophysis are conformable to those of the 
rest of the pedicel, but undergo no elongation. 
The inner face of the capsule is covered with an opaque reddish-brown 
cell-stratum, very uneven on its surface (papillose, and, as it were, 
spongy), reaching to the base of the true valves, and ending downwards 
in a slightly arched line (convex toward the axis of the pedicel), so that 
the four lines, meeting at their angles, form a square, which is the upper 
limit of the apophysis. laters and spores are developed in the capsule 
only so far down as this discoloured spongy surface extends. They do 
not grow out of it but are differentiated from the (apparently) homo- 
geneous cells which in an earlier stage fill up the capsule, as in other 
hepatic ; only, in the Jubulew the arrangement of the elaters and spores 
is on nearly vertical lines, whereas in most other Jungermaniacee it is 
on horizontal, or transverse lines. As the elaters are set symmetrically 
on the valves, from the apex down to at least midway of the capsule, 
and in the still unruptured capsule all trend downwards and converge 
on the apophysis—indeed are slightly adnate to it by their dilated. 
truncate extremity—it is plain they must be of various lengths, those 
inserted nearest the apex, and therefore lying nearest the axis of the 
capsule, being much the longest. The contained spiral fibre in each 
elater increases in size and tension until it has gained sufficient force to 
overcome the adhesion of the valves to each other, when the capsule 
bursts open, the spores are partly ejected, and the elaters, set free below, 
but still attached to the valves by their upper and narrower end, spring 
upwards and project beyond the apex of the capsule in the form of little 
brushes, one on each valve. 
The structure of the capsule and its contained organs is essentially the 
same in other Jubulee as in Frullania. In Porella (Madotheca), however, 
whose capsule has been considered to dehisce in a similar manner, the dis- 
eoloured inner surface, sporiferous throughout, extends downwards to 
the apex of the pedicel, which is either not at all or only slightly dilated ; 
but the 4 valves are rarely separated down to their base, sometimes 
indeed only halfway, and each valve is itself usually irregularly cloven 
(2-3-fid). This partial adhesion of the valves after maturity is seen 
occasionally in other genera. In Scalia andina, n. sp., the long, slender 
capsule is often truly follicular, bursting along one side only, and not 
quite to the apex ; but the sutures of the 4 valves are plainly traceable, 
and are sometimes here and there slightly gaping. 
The special characters of the subgenera and species of Frullania, as 
well as their aspect, habits, and geographical distribution, will be dis- 
cussed in their place, Although the central and typical species of each 
subgenus, taken alone, might seem sutliciently distinct to justify our 
raising the latter to the rank of genera, the outlying species of one group 
