10 FRULLANIA. [cuONANTHELIA 
and although sometimes beautifully crispate have not the strongly 
recurved or revolute margins of the Thyopsielle. The inflorescence 
is monoicous (autoicous, rarely paroicous) in a large proportion of the 
species, and dioicous in the rest. i 
I gathered in equatorial America 21 species of Frullania Chonanthelia. 
Only a few of them (about 6) are found in the plains and lower hills, and 
these I have never seen except near human habitations, or in cultivated 
ground, chiefly on fruit trees and palms, rarely on stones. At Para, 
near the mouth of the Amazon; at San Carlos del Rio Negro, and at 
the cataracts of the Orinoco nearly midway across the continent ; at 
Tarapoto, Chapaja, &c., in the eastern roots of the Andes ; their custom 
is still the same—to grow on Crescentia Cujete, Erythroxylon Coca, Guiliel- 
mia speciosa, and other domesticated trees, but never in the woods. 
They are nowhere abundant and rarely ascend to 600 metres above the 
sea. Two of them, at least, Fr. gibbosa and Fr. arietina, are widely dis- 
tributed in tropical America, from Mexico and the Antilles to South 
Brazil and Chil, but have everywhere the character of weeds. 
The larger and handsomer species are all montane or subalpine, as are 
also a few of the smaller ones, and occupy a zone on the slopes of the 
Andes between 1200 and 3500 metres, but do not reach the upper limit 
of the wooded region. Even these seem to cling to the traces of man 
and the domesticated animals, and prefer to grow on trees that border 
open grassy places where cattle graze in the hill-forests, or in large 
natural pastures on scattered trees frequented by cattle for their shade ; 
on bushes in hedgerows and at the fords of streams ; and by waysides in 
woods—sometimes partly on the ground among low shrubs (Vaccinia, 
&c.), Madothecas and other tall hepaticee, and mosses. One of the finest 
species is Fr. hians, L. et L., conspicuous for its large spreading deeply-cut 
involucres and 10-12-plicate perianth. The new species I have called 
blepharozia, ringens, spherocephala, and Campanensis are also remarkable 
plants, all agreeing with Fr. hians in the 10-12-plicate perianths but 
differing from it in the dioicous inflorescence, and among themselves chiefly 
in the involucres. The large inflated bracts of Hr. sphwrocephala are 
closely imbricated into a globose head, such as is not seen in any other 
Frullania. Fr. blepharozia is almost unique in the whole group in having 
the stem-leaves apiculate and sometimes serrulate at the point, while the 
bracts are beautifully ciliate, I found three of these species only on the 
western side of the cordillera (Chimborazo, Azuay, and the intervening 
valleys), but Fr, hians mainly on the eastern side. The latter is, however, 
widely distributed in tropical America—Mexico, West Indies, Caracas, 
New Granada, Ecuador, Bolivia, then passing eastward through the 
mountainous part of South Brazil to the very coast; but from the 
Amazonian plain it is quite absent ; nor did I gather it in the Peruvian 
Andes, where, indeed, I barely ascended above the lower limit of its 
range (1400™) near the equator. Specimens gathered by G. A. Lindberg 
in the province of Saé Paulo quite agree with my own from the Andes, 
The species reappears in the Malay Archipelago (Java, &e.) as a variety 
with much crisped stipules, apparently quite the same as one I gathered 
on the upper Pastasa. Jr. Arece, Spreng. (=r. Ecklonii, G. L. et N. 
Syn. Hep. 413, nec Spreng.), grows in the same situations as ’r. hians, 
and like it has monoicous inflorescence, but the bracts are less conspicuous, 
and are only slightly toothed at the decurvo-cucullate apex. The true 
Fr, Lcklonii, Spreng. (= Lr. Mundiana, L. et G. Syn. Hep. 772) is its 
