42 FRULLANIA. [THYOPSIELLA 
Perianthia plerumque emersa elongata rostellata, vel 3-carinata vel (in 
paucis) ecarinata cylindrica, in paucissimis pluricarinata, lzevia. 
Calyptra infra medium 4-6 cell. (rarissime solum 2 cell.) crassa. 
Capsula globosa. 
Andrecia ramigena, ramulo brevi compresso-globoso vel oblongo con- 
stantia ; bracteze 3-6-jugee arcte equitantes subequilobe diandre. 
Hab. Subgenus revera sylvestre, hominum vestigia pro more effugiens, 
nullis terris exul, in tropicis montanis sylvestribus valde frequens, in 
temperatis in planitie quoque degens, arboricolum et saxicolum. 
Distr, Ipse in America equatoriali 13 vel 14 species, omnes in 
deyexis Andium sylvaticis inter 330 et 4000", nullam in planitie 
Amazonica, legi; earum una (Fr. Brasiliensis), valde varians, per 
Americam tropicam in montibus ubique inventa est, alize paucee jam 
ante in Nova Granata, Mexico, etc., a Lindigio, Liebmanno aliisque lectz 
fuerunt ; plereeque tamen nove videntur. Ceeterze plurime species ab 
auctoribus jam ante descripte in terris tropicis et subtropicis Americz 
precipue crescunt, aliz autem in Asia et Africa necnon in insulis 
Oceanicis indigene sunt. In Europa species 3 v. 4 habemus, quarum 
una, fr. Tamarisct, in tota zona temperata boreali dispersa est. 
Of all the subgenera of Frullania this is the most widely distributed 
and the richest in species, of which all have the same somewhat rigid 
feather-like habit, and convex shining foliage as the common Fr. Tamarisct 
of our trees and rocks, recalling a branch of Arborvite. They grow in 
dense depressed patches, usually of a reddish hue—rarely pallid or black- 
ish—scarcely ever greenish. The plants are rarely shortened to an inch, 
and sometimes reach 6 or 8 inches in length, and they are regularly and 
closely bipinnate—rarely simply or triply pinnate. The leaves are mostly 
semicordato-ovate, more or less concave, especially at the apex, which is 
usually abruptly apiculate—rarely acuminate or muticous, very rarely 
serrulate. The small lobule is almost contiguous to the stem throughout 
its length ; normally it is a slender conico-cylindrical sac, but very often 
it is evolute and lanceolato-subulate. A minute process (“stylus”) is 
sometimes interposed between the lobule and the stem, but is oftener 
obsolete. Leaf-cells small, often subelongate (rhomboidal), with thickened 
walls, distinctly sinuate within. The underleaves are always longer 
than half the leaf, broadly oval—very rarely wider and reniform or 
orbicular, shortly bifid, with the margin in most species strongly 
recurved all round, often narrowly cordate—or rather sinuato-biauriculate: 
—at the base, the auricles sometimes projecting laterally (subhastate) ; 
in one species (fr. bicornistipula) they are nearly as large as the leaves, 
reniform, nearly entire, but with a slender horn-like process at each 
angle of the widely retuse apex. The inflorescence in all is dioicous ; 
the 9 flowers terminal on primary or secondary branches, in a few 
species quasi-lateral (cladogenous). Bracts in 3 to 5 rows, mostly free, 
larger than the leaves, acuminate and often dentate or laciniate, especially 
as to the lobules and bracteoles. Perianth elongate, normally trigonous 
—unicarinate beneath ; but in a few species it becomes inflated and 
cylindrical, losing all trace of keels, and at the apex is abruptly narrowed 
into a long tubular beak. In two S. Brazilian species, the trigonous 
perianth becomes pluricarinate, by the addition of intermediate keels of 
slighter elevation. 
The Thyopsille axe all truly wild plants, and as a rule avoid the 
