310 J UNGERMANIE. 
turgida et pro more angulata ; ore vel constricto, vel ab initio lato, 
hiante, integerrimo vel denticulato, ciliato, &e., perseepe lobulato. 
[In plurimis generibus perianthii anguli primarii ad carinam 
mediam anthophyllorum respondent (Hypogonianthee); in aliis 
sutura marginali anthophylorum constant (Epigonianthew). In 
Epigoniantheis solis invenimus frequenter perianthia ad angulos 
alata.] In paucis Jungermanieis perianthia omnino deficientia, in 
aliis vel cum involucro colligatum et confusum, vel incomplete 
evolutum, anthophylla 2 vel 3 parva sublibera sistens. Alia pauca 
genera (Marsupiocarpee) involucrum cum perianthio in sacculum 
carnosum pensilem concretum habent. Calyptra in plerisque 
obovata vel pyriformis, in aliis longa et angusta, in aliis globosa 
invenitur; nunc substantia pertenui nunc carnosa; aut perfecte 
libera aut (in paucis generibus) cum perianthio, vel cum recepta- 
culo, vel cum utroque, plus minus alte connata. Pedicellus ut- 
plurimum sat longus, ad maturitatem ultra perianthium alte exsertus, 
interdum brevis ; apice vix vel parum dilatatus, nunquam autem 
(ad Jubulearum instar) in apophysin tam latam et altam dilatatus 
ut capsula globosa solum ad 2 longitudinis fissa adpareat; cellulis 
alternis conflatus, in state flaccidus vel collapsus, neque (ac in 
Lejeunea) ad speciem articulatus. Capsula longitudine varia, 
spherica, ovalis, vel subcylindrica, bi-pluristrata, rarissime pro 
majore parte solum unistrata, cellulis strati intimi frequenter fibris 
semiannularibus fulcitis ; ad basin usque 4-valvis, valvule integre, 
rarius fissz, rarissime irreculariter ruptie, suturis autem basin versus 
aliquando inter se incomplete solutis; in plurimis generibus recta, 
in perpaucis spiraliter torte. lateres valde numerosi, tota facie 
capsule interna primum insidentes, capsula dehiscente omnes 
decidni ; vel pauci apicales basalesve, czeteris conformes vel diversi, 
paulo longius persistentes ; angusti, utroque fine tenuiores, tortiles, 
plerumque dispivi, interdum 38—4-spiii, casu rarissimo alii mono- 
spiri. Spore numerosissime, utplurimum preminute, in paucis 
sat magne, semper fere globose, leves vel scaberulee. 
The Jubulee seem to me equivalent to nearly all the rest of the sub- 
order Jungermaniacee. 'The structure of the capsule, and especially of 
the elaters, is unique among hepaticee. So great is their abundance and 
variety in eequatorial forests, that they constitute fully half the species of 
the entire hepatic vegetation. 
Jungermaniee are essentially distinct from Jubulew by the following 
characters. Female flowers polygynous. Pedicel not at all, or scarcely, 
dilated at the apex—never into a segment of a sphere constituting a solid 
apophysis, nearly half the height of the cavity of the capsule, asin Jubulee 
