J UNGERMANIEZ. 311 
Capsule producing spores and elaters (the medial ones horizontal) on its 
entire inner surface, 4-valved down to the base (not merely to % of the 
semicircumference). Elaters dispirous—only by rare exception mono- 
spirous—deciduons, either along with the bursting of the capsule, or a few 
of them persisting a while longer. 
In the following summary of the characters of Jungermaniew I shall 
dwell mainly on those which (even where not prevalent throughout 
the tribe) help to distinguish certain of the genera from all Jubulee. 
Although a few of the genera conform to Jubulew in being distichously 
branched in only one plane, in a great many genera postical branches 
also exist, usually either shortened down to an inflorescence, g or @, or 
else bearing the rooting apparatus, along with rudimentary or obsolete 
leaves. In a few genera, postical branches alone are normally present, 
whether bearing flowers, or leaves or roots. Even antical branches are 
sometimes (but very rarely) seen. In Madula alone are the branches 
infrafoliar in insertion, as in Lejewnea ; in all other genera the lateral 
branches are axillary to the side leaves, and the postical branches to the 
under leaves, where present, or, where absent, are subtended by a tuft of 
radicles. 
Leaves very various in size, form, and insertion. In some genera 
incubous or transverse, in the great majority they are succubous. Several 
genera have opposite leaves in every species; in other genera some 
species have alternate, others opposite leaves; while in others every 
known species has alternate leaves. [But the leaves of Jubulew are 
invariably alternate ; and it is only inthe ? involucres of a limited 
number of species (chiefly of Frullania) that opposite and connate leaves 
(or bracts) are seen.] The leaves of Jungermaniew vary from broad and 
round to linear and even setaceous, from quite entire to deeply laciniate. 
Complicate leaves are typical in a few genera; but the feature which 
prevails throughout Jubulew of a conduplicate-bilobed leaf, with the 
smaller underlobe either inflated, or partially inrolled, or cucullate— 
sometimes even bell-shaped or cylindrical—is almost unknown in 
Jungermaniee except in the curious genus Lepidolena Dum. (= Polyotus 
G.) from the 8S. temperate and antarctic zones, in Pleurozia Dum. (= Phy- 
siotiwum N.) and in a few Radule. 
The under leaves go through much the same phases of form as the 
side leaves, and are sometimes, although smaller, more numerously 
divided (e.g. in Lophocolew) ; they are however more frequently altogether 
absent than in Jubulee. 
The leaf-cells show all the variations of structure found in Jubulee, 
and are sometimes much more elongate, the basal ones occasionally 
enclosing spiral or annular fibre. 
The ¢ inflorescence does not differ essentially from that of the Jubulee, 
and ranges through nearly the same limits, as to the number of the 
sexual organs, but it is often relegated to a pastical branch, such as exists 
inno Jubulee. Many genera have constantly monandrous bracts, and 
in several they are oligandrous—rarely to be called polyandrous, although 
I have seen as many as ten antheridia together in Gottschea laminigera 
Tayl. The bracts have often a supplementary lobule or incurved tooth, 
at the antical base, veiling the antheridia. Even the frondose genera 
have the antheridia usually subtended by a leafy scale. Ina few genera 
—some foliose, others frondose—the antheridia are not veiled by any 
side-leaves, but stand apart from the latter (where present) on the upper 
face of the stem, either quite naked or contained in little pits, and at 
