312 J UNGERMANIES. 
first covered by the upper cell-layer of the stem, which, breaking away, 
leaves them exposed at maturity. 
The @ inflorescence is in some genera constantly acrogenous, in others 
as constantly cladogenous (quasi-lateral), and in a few genera both types 
coexist (e.g., In Radula, Cephalozia, Lophocolea, &c.). In “nearly all strictly 
cladocarpous genera, the 2) flowers are postical ; Porella, however, has 
them lateral.  Bracts in the acrocarpous species usually subconformable 
to the leaves, although often more divided ; in the cladocarpous species 
often very different : wider, either more numerously lobed or more cut 
at the margin. In a few genera the bracts—at least those of the inner- 
most whorl—are adnate to the perianth up to a greater or less height. 
The number of the 9 organs affords a notable distinction from Tubulee, 
the pistillidia being never solitary (as in Lejewnea) nor even so few as 4 
(which is the limit in Fr ullania) but always at least 5, and usually 
many more : in some species indeed as many as 70 or 80. 
The perianth, where present, corresponds to that of Jubulee in being 
formed by the marginal union of the innermost (and serotinous) whorl of 
bracts ; and, where angular, as it mostly is, the primary angles are 
usually (as in Jubulew) the medial fold (or keel) of those bracts ; but in 
certain genera the primary angles are not at the medial fold but at the 
connate edges of the bracts. In the former group (ypogonianthew), when- 
ever the angles are reduced to three, the third angle is undermost, or 
postical ; and if completely flattened, so that even that angle disappears, 
the flattening is frontal. In the latter (Hpigonianthee) the third angle 
is antical ; and where the two lateral anvles are replaced by a single 
postical angle, the perianth is flattened from the side. As a rule, it is 
only in the latter group that perianths exist with winged, or toothed keels. 
In a few genera : the perianth is entirely absent, or at least appears to 
be so. In ‘Leiomitra, Scalia, and Symphyogyna it is certainly wanting, 
and the involucral leaves are also perfectly free from the calyptra. In 
Trichocolea, Lepidolana, Schistocheila (Gottschea) &c., it is (if present) so 
closely soldered to the involucre as to be rarely distinguishable from it, 
and it is besides often adnate to the included calyptra. In Marsupella § 
Acolea the perianth is represented by 2 (or 3) small inner leaves, which 
are either quite free from each other or slightly connate, and are usually 
somewhat adnate to the involucre. In the curious pouch-fruited genera 
(of which no example is known among Jubulew) the perianth takes the 
form of a fleshy pensile sac, which in most cases buries itself in the 
earth or in soft decaying wood, but in Tylimanthus hangs among 
adjacent mosses. Several genera possess a character entirely unknown 
among Jubulew, viz, a perianth that is wide-mouthed throughout its 
existence, and therefore needs not to be ruptured for the emission of the 
capsule: such are Plagiochila, Scapania, Radula, Lophocolea, &c. The 
calyptra, as compared with the perianth, is of various lengths, being in 
some species scarcely at all shorter, but in others four times as short. 
Usually obovate, it is sometimes almost clobose; while in Radula it is 
so much elongated as to become cylindrical or clavate, as it is also in 
the gymnomitrous genera Scalia and Symphyogyna. It is very often 
narrowed at the base into a neck, so as to be pyriform or even turbinate. 
Where the perianth is absent the calyptra is fleshy, and so it is also in 
certain species of various genera provided with a perianth, although it 
may be free from both peri: ianth and receptacle. Where the receptacle, 
with the sterile pistillidia, is adnate to the calyptra, and carried up on it 
to a greater or less height, it adds one or more strata to the thickness of 
