J UNGERMANIEA. 343 
the calyptra. This character of an inferior, or half-inferior calyptra 
occurring in several genera of Jungermaniee, is quite unknown in 
Jubulee. 
Pedicel of various lengths; in some genera (Porella, Ilerberta, 
Plagiochila, &c.) usually short, and very little emersed from the 
perianth, in all or most of the species; in others 60 or more cells leng, 
and varying in actual length at maturity with the state of the atmo- 
sphere, being always more ‘elongate when the weather is wet. The cells 
in contiguous longitudinal series are alternate, never opposite as In 
Lejeunea; although the pedicel of Cephalozia is of two concentric strata 
the inner of which consists of four series of cells, whose inner walls form 
a cross on the section, similar to that seen in Lejewnea. The pedicel in 
all this tribe is cylindrical at maturity, either only slightly or not at all 
enlarged at the apex; and is never, as in the Jubulew, dilated into a 
segment of a sphere, one-third the height of the whole globose capsule 
(into which it passes insensibly, and is usually considered to form an 
integral part of it). 
Capsule varying in the different genera from globose to cylindrical, 
often preserving nearly the same form and the same proportion of length 
to breadth throughout each genus. It is formed in almost every genus 
of at least two, put sometimes of several strata, whereof the outermost is 
twice (at least) the thickness of the inner strata, and consists of more 
regularly tesselate (subquadrate or subrectangular) cells. The cells of 
the innermost layer in many genera and species contain spiral fibre, 
very rarely perfect, but mostly reduced to half-rings (semi-annular) 
whose convexity is towards the axis of the capsule. In a few aberrant 
genera, of few species, the capsule is wholly (or in great part) unistratous, 
e.g., in Scalia. When ripe the capsule splits normally down to the base 
into four valves, which in a few species are again cloven, but unequally; 
rarely, and only in Fossombronia, is the dehiscence altogether irregular, 
and not (or only partly) along the valvular sutures. 
Elaters numerous—sometimes to be counted by thousands—produced 
on the whole inner surface of the capsule, usually slender and tortuous, 
narrower at each end (never truncate), and each includes two spiral fibres 
—rarely three or more—very rarely only one. When the capsule bursts, 
they mostly fall out all together, along with the spores. In some genera 
a few of the apical elaters, and in others a few of the basal ones, persist 
for some time after the bursting of the capsule, and retain a good many 
of the free elaters entangled in them, but finally fall away. These “ elater- 
holders,” as they have “been called, are usually (but not always) shorter 
and wider than the free elaters, and do not generally agree with them 
in the number of included spirals. They exist in some genera where 
they have not been noticed, as for instance in Herberta (Sendtnera). 
Spores very numerous, and usually very minute, in only a few genera 
equalling those of the Jubulew; nearly always globose. 
Subtribus I1L.—RADULEA. 
Platyphylle Nees in Syn. Hep. 252, pro p.; Jubulew N. Hep. Eur. 
EY. 
Plante pro more sat elatee, raro pusille, virides vel flavo-virentes, 
