Dr Martens on the Glaciers of Spitzbergen. 167 



It may be added that we find glaciers with pyramids under 

 very high latitudes. In Norway, 67° Lat. the glaciers of Suli- 

 telma are covered with them in every place where the decli- 

 vity is steep.* In Iceland, under 64°, those of Svinafells 

 Joekull,t and Hoelaar Joekull,+ are remarkable for their 

 beauty. 



The lower glaciers of Switzerland are convex, that is to 

 say, more elevated in their centre than at the sides ; this dis- 

 position appears to me to be nearly invariable. It is owing to 

 the circumstance of the upper surface of the glacier melting 

 most on the lateral parts, which are more exposed to the 

 reverberation of heat from all the neighbouring heights. 

 Hu°i§ properly observes that this convexity constitutes an es - 

 sential character which distinguishes the glaciers from the Mers 

 de Glace ; the latter are almost always flat, as that of the Col 

 St Theodule, and even concave, as that of Roththal, the mar- 

 gins of which were raised about 20 metres above the central 

 parts. i| In Spitzbergen the same thing occurs ; the sur- 



euhu sulphureus, Sol. ; R. nivalis, L. ; R. pygmaeus, Wahl. ; Pa-paver nttdi- 

 caule, L. ; Draba algida, D.C. ; D. alpina; D. muricella, Wahl.; D. arctica, 

 Wahl.f. ; D. oblongata, R. B. ; D. lapponica, D. C. ; D. martinsiana, J. Gay; 

 Cochlearea officinalis, L. ; C. danica, L. ; Cardamine bdlidifolia, L. ; C. pra- 

 tensis, L. ; Platypetalum purpurascens, R. B. ; Eutrema Edwardsii, R. B. ; 

 Silene acaulis, L.; Lychnis apetala, L. ; Spergula saginoides, L. ; Stellaria 

 Edwardsii, R. B. ; Arenaria rubella, Hook ; A. Scandinavica, Spr. ; A. 

 ciliata, Wahl.; Cerastivm alpinum, L. ; Dryas octopetala, L. ; Potentilla, 

 pulchella, R. B. ; P. emarginata, Pursh ; Saxifraga aizoides, L. ; S. flagel- 

 laris, Sternb. ; ft cespitosa, L. ; S. hieraciifolia, Wild. ; S. stellaris, Q ; S. 

 comosa, Hartm. ; ft cernua, L. ; S. hirculus, L. ; S. oppositi/olia, L. ; ft rivu- 

 laris, L. ; S. nivalis, L. ; Chrysoplenium alternifolium, L. ; Erigeron alpi- 

 num, £ uniflorum, Less ; Phytamocarpum taraxacoides, Vahl. f. ; Empetrum 

 nigrum, L. ; Pedicularis hirsuta, L. ; Oxyria reniformis, Hook. ; Polygonum 

 nviparum, L. ; Salix reticulata, L. ; S.polaris, Wahl. ; Juncus biglumis, L. ; 

 Luzula arcuata, Wahl. ; Carex helionastes, Ehrh. ; Phippsia algida, R. B. ; 

 Alopecurus ovatus Q muticus, Sommerf. ; Festuca ovina, L. ; F. rubra /3 are- 

 naria, Wahl. ; Poa aljnna, L. ; Dupontia Fischeri, R. B. ; Trisetum subspi- 

 catum, Pal. Beauv. 



At Magdalena Bay only :— Luzula hyperborea, R. B. ; Poa laxa 1 



* Wahlenberg, 1. c. § 13, and Plate II. and IV. 



t Voyage en Icelande et au Groenland de la corvette La Recherche,planchns 

 80 and 81. 



t Ibid. pi. 84. § L. c. p. 177. II L- C. p. 69. 



