Glaciers in the North of England. 203 



about one mile east of Haddington, he observed a distinct longitudinal 

 moraine, midway between the river and the highroad, and ranging pa- 

 rallel to them ; and he directs attention to the trap-rocks which com- 

 mence a little farther eastward, and are intersected by the North Tyne 

 for four or five miles above Linton, as likely to afford scored and striated 

 surfaces in the most contracted parts of the valley. About four miles 

 west of Dunbar, another long and lofty ridge of gravel stretches along 

 the valley, parallel to tbe right bank of the river; and for three miles 

 south-east of Dunbar is a series of lateral moraines, modified into terraces 

 by the action of water. At the eastern extremity of the Lammermuir 

 Hills, in the high valleys through which the road passes from Cockburn- 

 spath to Ayton, are traces of moraines, disposed in terraces, at various 

 elevations, on both sides of the river ; and three miles north of Berwick, 

 the road passes near an insulated group of round and oblong mounds of 

 gravel, lodged on the slope of a hill 300 or 400 feet above the sea. On 

 many parts of the coast of Northumberland, deposits of till repose on the 

 carboniferous rocks, especially near Newcastle. At the village of North 

 Charlton, between Belford and Alnwick, Mr C. Trevelyan conducted the 

 author, in 1821, to an extraordinary ridge of gravel, then considered a 

 work of art, but which Dr Buckland, after an examination of the upper 

 glacier of Grindelwald and that of Rosenlaui, in 1838, was convinced is 

 a moraine. Immediately below the vomitories of the eastern valleys of 

 the Cheviots, enormous moraines cover a tract extending four miles from 

 north to south, and two miles from east to west ; and the highroad winds 

 among them from near Wooler through North and South Middleton, and 

 by West and East Lillburn, to Rosedean and Wooperton ; the height 

 of these moraines varies from thirty to eighty feet, and their surfaces are 

 seldom too steep to prevent the passage of the plough. On the left bank 

 of the College Burn, immediately above a bridge at Kirknewton, Dr 

 Buckland discovered a moraine thirty feet high, only the summit of which, 

 to the depth of a few feet, was stratified, the remainder consisting of un- 

 stratified gravel, inclosing, however, fragmentary portions of a stratified 

 bed of sand, some of which were vertical, and others inclined ; and in 

 the greater number the laminee were contorted in a manner explicable, 

 he says, only on the theory of a bed of laminated sand having been se- 

 vered into fragments, which had subsequently been moved and convo- 

 luted by the slow pressure of a glacier descending the deep trough of 

 the College Burn, from the northern summit of the great Cheviot. The 

 proofs of the action of glaciers in the mountain and lake districts of Cum- 

 berland and Westmoreland, Dr Buckland states, are no less frequent than 

 in Scotland and Northumberland ; and he adds, assuming that, during 

 the glacial period, every lake became a mass of solid ice, large lodgments 

 of moraines might be expected to be found in those portions of the sub- 

 jacent lowlands, in front of each of the vomitories by which the waters 

 of the lakes are now discharged from this lofty group of mountains. 

 Thus, to the east of Penrith, near the junction of the Eden with the 



