Ixxxii Proceedings of the Botanical Soctety of 
upper as well as the lower leaf surface. He then commented 
on some new plant labels in enamelled china, which prom- 
ised to supersede other kinds now in use, alike from dura- 
bility and cheapness. 
Photographs of the Botanic Garden prepared as postal 
cards by Mr. Walmsley, and others taken by Mr. Warren 
Shinn were exhibited. 
Dr. Miller spoke of Raffinesque’s connection with Phila- 
delphia, of his death here and of the want of any accurate 
record of his death till recently. He then read a letter from 
Mr. C. E. Ronaldson which set this matter at rest, and 
showed that the distinguished naturalist was buried in the 
Ronaldson cemetery. 
December 4. Dr. Miller, President, in the chair. Mr. 
Oglesby Paul spoke on “Gardens of the Past and the Pres- 
ent,” illustrating with a large and beautiful set of lantern 
slides. He defined a garden as “a definite area of land 
enclosed for the cultivation of plants.” After a short descrip- 
tion of ancient gardens, he drew attention to the disposition 
of the older Italian gardens with their trim walks, garden 
rests, masses of foliage and occasional statuary. From this, of 
which many fine examples still exist, arose the more formal 
Italian garden of the past three centuries. Here costly ter- 
races and terrace walls, fountains and other artificial adorn- 
ments formed a conspicuous feature. This culminated again 
in the French garden of the seventeenth and eighteenth 
centuries, where riches were lavished in producing imposing 
architectural effect rather than a pleasing presentation and 
grouping of natural objects. 
In contrast to these, developed the English type, which, 
during the past century, has been greatly improved on, alike 
there and in this country. The lecturer threw on the screen 
views of the more beautiful and tasteful gardens of America, 
and described the leading features of each. 
The Corresponding Secretary then presented, on behalf 
of Miss Marion Mackenzie, her annual Phyto-phenological 
