170 Gardner—Studies on Growth and Cell 
direct connection with the nutritive substance and forces 
of the nucleus. 
Next Strasburger’s views will be given as taken from his 
paper ‘‘Ueber Cytoplasmastructuren, Kern und Zellthei- 
lung.” 
In pollen mother cells of Zarzx, in preparations stained with 
saffranin and gentian orange, Strasburger observed that at first 
the kinoplasm was stained violet, but that this violet color 
disappeared simultaneously with the aggregation of the 
nucleolar substance in the nucleus. This suggested that the 
nucleolar substance stood in relation with the activity of the 
kinoplasm. These observations were confirmed by the inter- 
nal relations which the nuclei in Fucus, Sphacroplea, and the 
asci of the Ascomycetes showed to the formation of the aster. 
Between the nucleus and kinoplasm exists, therefore, a close 
relationship, and on these observations he founds the view that 
the nucleolar substance represents a reserve material, from 
which the kinoplasm derives its activity. R. Hertwig’s 
observations show the relations which exist between nucleolar 
substance and the chromosomes—for he saw that the nucleolus 
disappeared as the chromosomes became distinct. 
Professor J. M. Macfarlane, in a paper, ‘‘ The Structure of 
Plant Hybrids and Parents,” gives the following, which is a 
concise statement of his views, clearly stating the position 
taken by him: 
‘The nucleolus is the special chromatic and cell center. It 
forms the main mass of chromatin substance, and is connected 
by an extremely fine network system with the nuclear mem- 
brane which is also chromatic, and during division breaks 
down to fuse with the radiating threads from the nucleolus. 
In the reformation of the daughter nuclei also, round the 
nucleoli the nuclear membrane reappears first on the outer 
pole or nuclear face, but some can be traced to the pyrenoid 
centers,’ 
