322 Phillips on a Comparative Study of the 
were continuous through the cell wall with the protoplast 
within. Radiating lines of a deeper staining protoplasm 
or kinoplasm always connected the points of egress of these 
protoplasmic knobs with the central body. Careful study 
of these peripheral balls convinced me that they were not 
in their normal form. I therefore varied my method of 
mordanting and staining and finally found that these minute 
balls were very delicate cilia that had been massed down 
against the outer wall of the plant. They stained with all 
of the ordinary protoplasmic stains, but were so delicate that 
the least amount of washing for differentiation deprived 
them of their color. These cilia are so small that it is with 
extreme difficulty that they can be seen in the living organ- 
ism, and the probable reason that other observers have over- 
looked them is that they, unlike the flagella of the bacteria, 
mass down when placed in reagents and appear as granules 
of foreign substance on the exterior of the trichome. They 
have quite the appearance of tactile organs, and in fact for a 
long time I mistook them to be such, before I was able to 
demonstrate that they were the massed substance of the 
cilia. These facts will explain more clearly the moving of 
the particles of indigo along the trichome as described by 
Schultz and others, and the massing down of the cilia will 
explain why the contour of the trichomes is so rough often- 
times, as is especially shown when stained with Heidenhein’s 
iron-ammonia-alum hematoxylin, with but slight or no 
destaining. Engelmann was able to show this same gran- 
ular roughening of the contour of the filament of Oscillaria, 
but did not see the cilia which caused it. By the use of 
Gardiner’s method of corrosion, I caused the protoplast of 
the isolated cells of Oscillaria to so shrink as to withdraw 
these delicate projections of the protoplast and expose the 
minute pores in the swollen wall (Fig. 27). Figure 26 
shows a trichome thus treated, in which the protoplasts have 
shrunken away from the cell walls, but evident points or pro- 
cesses pass out towards each of the pores through which 
the cilia passed. 
