Development of Cassytha filijormts, L. 407 
hand, appeared above ground without any seed coat (Fig. 
4, C). 
From the fact that the seed coat borne on the top of the 
seedling is always quite empty, and from the size and con- 
tents of the hypocotyl, as well as the embryonic appearance 
of the seedling, it seems highly probable that in the begin- 
ning of germination, and as soon as the hypocoty] is fairly 
out of the seed, all the cotyledonary food is passed into this 
lower portion previous to its being actually needed, and then 
the cotyledonary connection is broken. The scar of this 
separation is carried far up the stem by rapid and extensive 
elongation of the thin green portion. One seedling extracted 
itself from the seed when small and then continued growing, 
but the shell hung to the side of the seedling. Here con- 
nection had not been broken, although the seed was empty. 
The cotyledons were present as two papery flakes. 
4. Relation of the Seedling to the Mature Plant—The 
plumule usually bears two leaves of the characteristic small 
size. Owing to the great attenuation of both the hypocotyl 
and epicotyl, there is considerable space between the ground 
and the first leaf. In the case of the seedling that had been 
caught as above described, the distance was six inches. 
Haustoria may, however, form below the first leaves, as the 
bundle system is fully formed. 
The seedling, as soon as it begins to grow erect, shows 
active circumnutating movements in clockwise direction. 
The sweep comes from a considerable distance down the 
stem and is fairly rapid. The seedling that was described 
as having been held within the seed wall and grown there 
to a length of nearly an inch, when freed, uncoiled com- 
pletely and was beginning to circumnutate after ten minutes. 
5. Histology of Seedling Plant——The hypocotyl has a 
delicate epidermis with stomata, but very little cuticle. The 
fundamental tissue consists of loose, empty-looking cells, 
which are, however, quite turgid with sap and very rich in 
sugar. There are four patches of protoxylem evenly dis- 
