THE INDIAN FOREST SCHOOL. 161 
dates for the former must have passed the entrance examination 
of an Indian university on the English side, while candidates 
for the latter must have passed a lower examination and have a 
competent knowledge of Urdu or Hindi. The students are re- 
quired to assemble on the 25th June of each year. The course of 
training for the Rangers’ Certificate extends over eighteen 
months and that for the Foresters’ Certificate over twelve months. 
The Director has power to dismiss any student for misconduct 
and to remand any man who is not sufficiently promising. 
Successful students who have obtained the higher certificate may, 
on their return to their provinces, be appointed rangers; but 
those who have obtained the lower certificate only must serve 
satisfactorily as foresters for at least two years, after they return 
from the school, before they can be made rangers. No person who 
has not qualified as prescribed above can be appointed a ranger 
without the sanction of the Provincial Government. Candidates 
from Native States are dealt with as far as possible under the 
same conditions. 
The course at the school for the Rangers’ or English class is 
as follows—viz., for the first four months, from July to October, 
the students are taught vegetable morphology and physiology, 
the elements of physics and chemistry, mathematics, mapping, 
and the elements of road-making and building, the instruc- 
tion being given in the classroom. During the months of 
November and December they learn practical surveying, includ- 
ing the use of the plane-table and spirit level, while during 
the remainder of the year they are taught sylviculture in all 
its branches, theoretical and practical, the instruction being 
given in the forest. The first four months of the second year 
are devoted to working-plans or schemes of management, forest 
utilisation, systematic forest botany, the elements of mineralogy 
and geology, the study of injuries to trees (by insects, by other 
plants, by wounds, bad soil or atmospheric influences), forest law, 
and mathematics. The last two months of their stay at the 
school are spent in the forest, and are devoted to practical 
exercises relating to the preparation of working-plans, includ- 
ing the following operations—viz., the division of a forest into 
blocks and compartments ; the description of each compartment 
with reference to its situation and soil, the nature and condition 
of the crop, the lines of export and the cultural or other works 
required; the marking on the map of the distribution of certain 
