274 FORESTRY IN FRANCE. 
merely attend the lectures, and, as a matter of course, are not 
examined ; but the English students have to pass all the school 
examinations. 
THE SECONDARY AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS AT BARRES. 
THE SECONDARY ScHOOL was established in 1883, in order to 
train a class of men who should occupy an intermediate position 
between the officers of the superior and those of the subordinate 
staff. Of the students who entered in that year, seventeen passed 
out as head-guards, and one of these has been promoted to the 
superior staff as a sub-assistant inspector. But the school was re- 
organised in 1884, and it is now maintained in order to facilitate 
the entrance of subordinates into the superior staff, by completing 
the education of such of them as may be deemed otherwise fitted for 
advancement. Candidates for admission to the school are selected 
by the conservators from among those of their head-guards and 
guards who are thought to possess the needful qualifications, and 
to be capable of passing the required educational tests ; ordinarily, 
they must have completed four years’ service in the: forests, and 
be under 35 years of age, but passed students of the Primary 
School can be admitted after two years’ service in the forests. 
They are subjected to an entrance examination in the following 
subjects, viz.,—dictation, elementary geometry, French history, 
French geography, timber measurement, the selection and mark- 
ing of trees to be felled or reserved, and the duties of forest 
subordinates generally. 
The Director of the school is a Conservator of Forests, who 
receives the pay of his grade and free quarters ; he is aided, in the 
administration and teaching, by two assistant inspectors, each of 
whom receives an allowance of £40 a year in addition to his pay. 
Teachers who are not forest officers can be employed when their 
services are required, As is the case at Nancy, the Director and 
the professors form a council of instruction and discipline. The 
students all hold the rank and wear the uniform of a head-guard. 
They are lodged at the school, and receive an allowance of £2 a 
month to provide themselves with food and clothing. 
The instruction, which extends over two years, is both general 
and special or technical; the object being to improve the general 
education of the students, and also to give them such a profes- 
sional training, theoretical and practical, as may fit them for the 
