FORESTRY IN FRANCE, 275 
position they are to occupy. The course is arranged as follows, 
Viz. :— 
First Year.—Sylviculture, the cutting up and export of wood, 
estimates of quantity and value of timber, sales of forest produce, 
arithmetic and geometry, the elements of algebra and trigonometry, 
surveying and map-drawing, levelling, forest law, the elements of 
forest botany (including vegetable anatomy and physiology, and 
the classification of the principal forest trees), planting and sow- 
ing, and geography. 
Second Year.—Working plans, buildings and roads, the elements 
of mineralogy, geology, and zoology, the treatment of torrents and 
dunes, forest law and administration, the elements of inorganic 
chemistry, agriculture and agricultural chemistry, literature and 
the geography of France. Most of the above subjects are taught, 
not only in the class-room, but also practically in the forest. 
The school is established on a property, purchased before 1873 
for the Primary School from M. Vilmorin, who had raised on it 
a large number of exotic trees of many kinds. There is also on 
the estate a small forest treated as coppice under standards, 
which, with the State forest of Montargis, situated at a short 
distance from the school, is used for the practical instruction 
of the students. The buildings comprise the residence of the 
Director, the class-rooms and students’ quarters, as well as a 
museum, containing collections to illustrate the various courses 
of study. 
The examinations are conducted before the Director of the 
Forest Department, or an Inspector General deputed by him for 
this duty, and the students who pass will, under the new organisa- 
tion, be appointed to the superior staff as sub-assistant inspectors. 
Like the officers trained at Nancy, they will be employed for 
about a year in learning their duties under an inspector, after 
which they will become eligible for further promotion on their 
merits, as are the other officers of the Department. Subordinates 
from the communal forests are permitted to pass into the superior 
grades of the Government service through this school. Nine 
students entered it during 1884 and 1885, and are still under 
instruction ; eight of them having previously passed through the 
Primary School. One free student followed the courses for a short 
time in 1883. 
THE Primary ScHoouisa branch of the establishment at Barres, 
the instruction being given by the Director and Professors of the 
