ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 383 
species should be prepared with the bark on—at least partly,—cut 
in various directions—say radially, tangentially, transversely, and 
obliquely ;—and that these be carefully numbered and named with 
incised letters, and be accompanied by specimens of leaves, flowers, 
fruit, and seeds. It has long been a common custom to preserve 
such specimens in book-like cases made from the woods themselves ; 
and the method, exhibited in the Japanese section of the Edin- 
burgh Forestry Exhibition, followed by New Brunswick in the 
Colonial and Indian Exhibition, of painting a detailed representa- 
tion of each species on a panel of its own wood, framed in its own 
bark and branches, is also well worthy of imitation. Such speci- 
mens can be readily determined botanically, and should be multi- 
plied both for educational use in forest, and other schools, at home, 
and to acquaint foreign nations with the products of the country. 
For the purposes of the present essay the collections of timber, 
ete., at the Edinburgh Exhibition of 1884, at the Royal Gardens, 
Kew, at the British Museum, and at the Colonial and Indian Ex- 
hibition, London, 1886, have been systematically examined ; but 
in not a few cases the neglect of the means above mentioned has 
entirely prevented the botanical identification of valuable species. 
The plan here followed is mainly geographical, this having been 
found most convenient as being adopted in all the above-named 
collections, and in Dr Cleghorn’s article on ‘‘ Forests and Forest 
Administration” in the Lncyclopedia Lritannica (9th edition, 
vol. ix., pp. 397-408), to which the present writer is deeply in- 
debted on this, as on former occasions, both for much substantive 
information, and for many useful bibliographical references. The 
numerous other books consulted are mostly mentioned under 
each country ; but special acknowledgment must be made here to 
Loudon’s “ Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum,” 8 vols., London, 
1838 ; Mr Thomas Laslett’s “‘ Timber and Timber-trees,” London, 
1875; Mr Julian Rogers’ Analysis of Returns . . . relating to 
Colonial Timber, presented to Parliament, 1878 [C.—2197]; Re- 
ports respecting . . . Timber in Foreign Countries, presented in 
1875 [C.—1161]; Reports by H.M.’s representatives abroad on 
. . . Woods and Forests, presented in 1884 [C.—4048]; the 
Official Guides to the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Museums of 
Economic Botany at Kew, London, 1885 and 1886; Herr Nord- 
linger’s ‘‘ Holzquerschnitte,” Stuttgart, 1862-82; the Journal of 
Forestry (afterwards “ Forestry”), vols. i—xi., 1877-1885 ; and to 
“Forestry and Forest Products,” Edinburgh, 1885. In none of 
VOL. XI., PART III. 2D 
