ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 385 
Tchernigov, and Volhynia. In the south of Scotland the beech 
(Fagus sylvatica, L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior, L.) are the most 
common trees ; whilst the sycamore maple, locally known as ‘‘ Plane” 
(Acer Pseudo-platanus, L.), is also abundant. The ash reaches 
30 or 50 feet in height, with a diameter of from 20 to 24 inches, 
and is useful for tool handles, coopers’ work, crates, and many other 
purposes (nat. order, Oleacew). The sycamore (nat. order, Aceracee) 
reaches from 30 to 80 feet, and is used for cider-presses, rollers 
for calico printing, musical instruments, especially violins, toys, 
butter-moulds, ete. 
In England, whilst there are extensive coniferous plantations, 
mainly larch and Scots pine, the most prevalent trees are oaks and 
beech. The oak (Quercus Robur, L.; nat. order, Cupulifere) forms 
a trunk from 60 to 100 feet high, and is one of the strongest and 
most durable of woods for furniture and building purposes. It was 
formerly much more used in ship-building, and its bark is still in 
considerable demand for tanning. Two forms are well marked— 
Quercus pedunculata, Ehrh., and Q. sessiliflora, Salisb. The beech 
(Fagus sylvatica, L.), belonging to the same order, reaches 60 or 70 
feet in height, and 40 to 50 inches in diameter. Its wood affords 
excellent fuel, and the best charcoal for most purposes ; and is also 
used for wedges, the best planes, tool-handles, and other turnery ; 
for piles ; on the Continent for shoes ; and more especially for chair 
making, for which purpose it is grown on the chalk hills of 
Buckinghamshire, near High Wycombe, from 12,000 to 15,000 loads 
being used yearly. 
Other British trees are the following :—The linden or lime 
(Tilia europea, L. ; nat. order, Tiliacee), the inner bark of which 
is “ Russia matting,” whilst the close-grained but soft wood is 
pre-eminently adapted for carving, and for the sounding boards of 
pianos; the spindle-tree (Hwonymus europeus, L.; nat. order, 
Celastracee), formerly used for skewers, and to some extent for 
gunpowder charcoal ; the buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus, L, ; nat. 
order, Rhamnacee), whose berries yield the pigment “ sapgreen ;” 
and the alder buckthorn, or berry-bearing alder (2. Frangula, L.), 
which under the name “dogwood” furnishes the best charcoal for 
making gunpowder, and is imported for this purpose from Holland 
and Belgium ; the horse-chestnut (“sculus Hippocastanum, L. ; nat. 
order, Sapindace), an ornamental tree, truly a native of Northern 
Greece ; the maple (Acer campestre, L.), of the same order, a small 
tree 10 to 20 feet high, with fine and even-grained wood, affording 
