386 ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 
good charcoal, and formerly used for bowls known as “ mazer- 
bowls,” spoons, etc. ; the sloe or blackthorn (Prunus communis, 
Huds. ; nat. order, Rosacew), used for walking-sticks; the apple 
(Pyrus Malus, L.) and pear (P. communis, L.), valuable fruit-trees 
when cultivated, both having close and even-grained wood, that of 
the latter being used for T squares, etc.; the rowan, or moun- 
tain ash (P. Aucuparia, Gaert.), a valuable nurse tree ; the wild 
service (P. torminalis, Ehr.), and the hawthorn (Cratequs Oxya- 
cantha, L.), the wood of which is one of the best substitutes for 
boxwood for engraving, all belonging to the same order; the box 
(Bucus sempervirens, L. ; nat. order, Buxinew), as yet unequalled for 
engraving, growing only in a few localities on limestone hills, and 
mainly imported from Russia and Persia; the elms (U/mus campes- 
tres, With. ; nat. order, U/macew), in the south of England, and the 
Wych elms (U. montana, Sm.), north of the Trent, much used for 
coffins, and formerly for water-pipes, reaching 100 or 120 feet in 
height, and more than 3 feet in diameter; the alder (Alnus glu- 
tinosa, L. ; nat. order, Betulacew), from 20 to even 70 feet high, 
and 8 to 16 inches in diameter, the wood of which is used for gun- 
powder charcoal, clogs, and packing-cases, and the bark in tanning ; 
the hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus, L. ; nat. order, Corylacee), ex- 
tremely hard, used for cog-wheels, bench-screws, mallets, boot-lasts, 
etc., sometimes reaching 70 feet in height and from 10 to 15 inches 
in diameter ; the hazel (Corylus Avellana, L.); the holly (Ilex 
Aquifolium, L. ; nat. order, Jlicinee), 20 to 30 feet high, used 
for calico-printers’ blocks, “stringing” in inlaying, Tunbridge 
ware, mathematical instruments, etc., ‘‘ bird-lime” being prepared 
from the bark; willows, especially Salix alba, L., S. fragilis, L., 
and S. Russelliana, Sm. (nat. order, Salicacee), light and tough 
woods, used for gunpowder charcoal and for various other purposes ; 
poplars, especially the aspen (Populus tremula, L.), which affords a 
valuable paper-pulp ; and the yew (Zaxus baccata, L.; nat. order, 
Taxinee), formerly used for bows, 
Among commonly cultivated exotic trees may be named Robinia 
Pseudacacia, L., a North American leguminous tree, used for shafts, 
known as “ locust,” or “acacia ;” the laburnum (Cytisus Laburnum, 
L.), in the same order, a beautiful tree with a handsome wood ; the 
planes (Platanus orientalis, L., and P. acerifolia ; nat. order, Pla- 
tanacee), chiefly valued for their shade ; the walnut (Juglans regia, 
L.; nat. order, Juglandacew), also from the south of Europe, a 
valuable cabinet-work, used for gun stocks ; the holm and Turkey 
