ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 387 
oaks (Quercus Ilex, L., and Q. Cerris); the Spanish chestnut 
(Castanea vulgaris, Lam. ; nat. order, Cupulifere), considerably 
grown for hop-poles ; the Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus Libani, Loud.) 
and the Deodar (@. deodara, Loud.) ; the silver fir (Abies pectinata, 
DC.), the spruce (Picea excelsa, Link.), and the Douglas fir 
(Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carriere). The last named, though grow- 
ing more rapidly and forming softer wood in Scotland than in its 
native Oregon, bids fair to become the most important timber tree 
of North Britain. 
Home-grown timber is but a fraction of that used in the United 
Kingdon, large quantities being imported from Canada, the Baltic, 
and the United States, especially deals; besides teak from India, 
greenheart from Guiana, mahogany from Honduras, ete. 
In 1885 the value of timber imported was £14,000,000, of which 
£4,500,000 came from Canada and the East and West Indies. 
Norway AND SWEDEN. 
The chief forests of Norway are in the east, and consist of Scots 
fir, spruce, and birch. Of 80,000,000 cubic feet annually exported, 
more than half is sent to the United Kingdom. The Norway 
spruce (Picea excelsa, Link.) is common to all the mountain ranges 
of Europe, to the Arctic Circle, reaching 150 or even 180 feet in 
height, and more than 15 inches in diameter. Its wood, known as 
“‘white deal,” or ‘ whitewood,”’ is used for ladders, scaffolds, 
sounding-boards, sabots, and gunpowder charcoal. In the forest 
nurseries of Stavanger, the chief trees cultivated are Scots fir, spruce, 
and willow (Salix lanceolata, Sm.), the latter species, introduced 
from the Netherlands, being used for hoops. The average export 
of timber from Norway between 1861 and 1882 was between 
800,000 and 900,000 tons. 
Scots fir and spruce form also the staple of the forests in Sweden, 
the greater portion of which are in the northern and central pro- 
vinces. The river Dal forms the northern limit of the oak and 
beech in a wild state; but they are cultivated in much higher 
latitudes. The white birch (betula alba, L.) is found in profusion 
throughout the kingdom, being chiefly used for firewood, but 
locally for furniture, agricultural implements, etc. The aspen 
(Populus tremula, L.), which is also common, is used in the manufac- 
ture of matches and of paper pulp. The former manufacture 
yielded £225,000 in 1872, of which £168,000 worth were exported. 
Paper pulp is made also from pine-wood. It was first exported in 
