388 ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 
1872, when nearly all (to the value of £55,000) came to Great 
Britain. Alder, elm, and lime are also common, and attain a large 
size in the more favoured districts. The pine-wood is used in 
house and ship-building ; and both as pit props and in a manufac- 
tured form, as window and door frames, etc., constitutes a chief 
article of export, an increasing quantity annually reaching Great 
Britain. 
DENMARK. 
There are extensive forests of beech, the chief indigenous trees 
besides being spruce, Scots fir, birch, aspen, and oak. The wood 
of the Scots fir is known as redwood, or red deal, as distinguished 
from the whitewood of the spruce, but some varieties yield “ yellow 
deal.” The chief oak forests are on the islands of Falster and 
Lolland. Plantations of the Swiss Pinus montana, Duroi; the 
American Picea alba ; the Norway spruce (P. excelsa, Lam.) ; and 
the silver fir (Abies pectinata, DC.), have been extensively carried 
out in West Jutland. 
HOLLAND. 
There are no indigenous forests in Holland ; but beech, poplar, 
willow, ash, and elm are much planted. Ulmus major, L., the 
Dutch or sand elm, was introduced into England from Holland, and 
the exportation of alder-buckthorn has been already noted. The 
sand dunes are extensively planted with conifers. 
BELGIUM. 
There are extensive forests in Brabant, Flanders, and the Ar- 
dennes, the latter largely consisting of beech. 
GERMANY. 
North Germany possesses extensive forests on the Harz and Thu- 
ringian mountains, in East Prussia, the Odenwald in Hesse, the 
Westerwald and Taunus range in Nassau, and the Vosges. The chief 
trees are Pinus sylvestris, L., the ‘“ kiefer,” ‘‘ weissfohre,” “ gemeine 
fohre,” and Picea excelsa, “fichte,” “rothtanne.” The silver fir 
(Abies pectinata, DC.; ‘“edeltanne,” ‘ weistanne”) is abundant in 
the Vosges and in the Black Forest of Baden and Wiirtemburg, 
where we also have birch, “birke ;” beech, “rothbuche ;” and oak, 
“eiche ;” whilst in Bavaria the larch, “ gemeine lirche,” is exten- 
sively grown. In the Spessartwald, near Aschaffenburg, there are 
large masses of oak and extensive coniferous plantations, more than 
