390 ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 
The Kingdom of Saxony includes about 465,000 hectares of 
timber land, the chief species being Quercus sessiliflora, Sm., ‘ tran- 
beneiche, steineiche,” Magus sylvatica, Vraxinus excelsior, Betula 
alba, Alnus glutinosa, Picea excelsa, Pinus sylvestris, Abies pec- 
tinata, and Larix ewropea. 
Hesse-Darmstadt includes about 168,000 acres, and Baden nearly 
1,270,000 acres of forest ; Pinus sylvestris and Strobus, Picea excelsa 
and Abies pectinata, and Larix europea, being the prevailing conifers. 
Hessian fir-trees are in great demand in Holland for ship-building. 
The Kingdom of Wurtemburg includes 596,000 hectares, or 
over 30 per cent. of its area, of forest, comprising the pine-wood 
districts of the Black Forest, Upper Swabia, and the Jaxt Circle ; 
and the hardwood forests of the Swabian Alps and of the ‘‘ Unter- 
land.” The spruce, silver fir, and Scots fir are the chief conifers, 
and are mostly used as timber, much being floated down the Rhine, 
Spruce bark is mixed with that of the oak in tanning, and the 
chopped branches are used as litter. Oak, of which both Quercus 
pedunculata, Ehrh., “stieleiche, sommereiche,” and Q. sessiliflora, 
Sm., occur, is largely in demand for ship-building in Holland, and 
for general purposes at home. Beech is the chief fuel, but is also 
used for ships’ keels, by carriage-builders, and by chair-makers. 
Ash, hornbeam, elm, linden, birch, alder, and maples (Acer cam- 
pestre, L., “feldahorn ;” A. platanoides, L. ; and A. Pseudo-plat- 
anus, L.), are also used in carriage-building, turnery, etc., and as 
fuel; whilst aspen is in demand for paper and match manufacture. 
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
The forests of the Austrian Empire occupy 66,600 English square 
miles, those of Austria being more than 30 per cent. of its whole 
area, and those of Hungary 26°6 per cent. They are situated 
mainly in the mountain regions of the Carpathians, Transylvania, 
Galicia, Bohemia, the Alps, Croatia, and Slavonia. Spruce, silver 
fir, larch ; Pinws montana, Duroi; P. sylvestris, and P. nigricans, 
Host. (=P. austriaca, Hoss.), are the prevailing species; but 
beech, several species of oak, including Y. Robur, L. ; Q. lanuginosa, 
Th.; and Q. Cerris, L., with elm (Ulmus campestris and U. effusa) ; 
poplar ; chestnut, ‘“ edelkastanie ;” and walnut, “ wallnussbaum,” 
occur at lower altitudes, especially in the south. Dalmatia and 
Croatia come within the Mediterranean area, and have also Quercus 
Pseudo-suber, Sant. ; Q. Zlex, L.; and Q. coccifera, L., together with 
the olive, mulberry, and fig (Micus Carica, L.). These are mostly 
