ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 391 
cultivated, as is also the Corsican pine,! Pinws Laricio, Poir., which 
is nearly allied to the black Austrian pine (P. nigricans). The 
timber is used mainly for fuel and building purposes ; but in addi- 
tion to 67,000,000 cubic feet of timber, the forests are estimated 
to yield 4,000,000 ewts. of bark (larch and oak) for tanning, 
500,000 ewts. of gall-nuts, 250,000 ewts. of turpentine and resin, 
and 100,000 ewts. of potash annually. The turpentine of the larch 
is known, from its port of shipment, as “ Venice turpentine ;” 
that from the silver fir as “ Strasburg turpentine.” 
Russia. 
With by far the largest forest area of any European country 
(4693 million acres), both absolutely and relatively to its entire 
extent, Russia is very unequally wooded. Two-thirds of her forests 
are in the north-east ; in the north-west they form from 30 to 50 
per cent. of the whole area; in the central and western districts 
27 per cent. ; in the south-west 2°5 per cent. ; and in Little Russia 
only ‘7 per cent. The spruce is the prevalent tree in the north, the 
Siberian larch (Larix sibirica, Led.) in the north-east, whilst Pinus 
sylvestris, L., has a very wide range in latitude, flourishing in the 
Caucasus (41} deg. N. lat.) and Crimea, as well as on the shores of 
the Baltic. A variety, P. /rieseana, Wich., extends further north 
in Lapland, Finland, and Sweden. Birch is abundant, and in the 
central and southern districts oak, beech, ash, lime, walnut, and 
box. Besides an enormous home consumption for fuel and build- 
ing, Russia exports coniferous wood largely from Archangel and the 
Baltic ports, about 7000 tons of tar per annum, paper pulp from the 
aspen, large quantities of ‘“‘Russia matting,” the “bast,” or inner bark 
of the linden (Russian “ Lipa”), Zilia europea, L., and boxwood 
from the Caucasus. The latter is brought to England in billets from 
3 to 8 ft. long, and from 3 to 18 in. in diameter, fetching from £4 to 
£15 per ton. The Corsican pine (P. Laricio) is extensively planted 
in the Crimea; and while beech and Scots fir occur on the 
northern slopes of the Caucasus, on the south side we have Abies 
orientalis, Led., Abies Nordmanniana, Pterocarya caucasia (nat. 
order, Corylacee), introduced into England about 1830, and 
Zelkova crenata, Spach, a heavy, hard, reddish wood at heart, with 
a lighter and elastic sapwood, similar to its ally the elm (nat. order, 
Ulmacee). It takes a good polish, and is used for furniture. 
1 From it pine wool and pine oil are prepared. 
