394 ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 
S. domestica. Engraving, tools and musical instruments. 
Styrax officinale (nat. order, Styracacce). Firewood. 
Tilia grandifolia (nat. order, Ziliacew), ‘‘ Tilleul.’’ Carving, ete. 
Ulex europeus, L. (nat. order, Leywminose), ‘‘ Ajone.” Firewood.? 
SWITZERLAND. 
With one-sixth of its whole area under forest, Switzerland pre- 
sents a characteristically mountain flora. Its chief timber trees are 
Picea excelsa, DC. (= Pinus abies, L.), used for planks, building, 
firewood, and charcoal ; Abies pectinata, which reaches altitudes of 
4000 ft., similarly employed ; Pinus sylvestris, L., preferred to the 
two former as fuel; P. Cembra, L., ‘ Arve” or “ Zirbelkiefer,” a 
white, worm-resisting wood, esteemed for milk tubs and for floor- 
ing; Larix europea, DC., extending to an altitude of 3000 ft., 
used for sleepers; Quercus Robur, L., Q. pedunculata, Ehrh., and 
Juglans regia, L., extending to 1800 ft., but not abundant ; /agus 
sylvatica, L., up to 3000 ft., the best wood for fuel and charcoal ; 
maples, ash, birch, hornbeam, alder, and aspen. 
ITALY. 
With only about 12 per cent. of its area under forest, Italy, 
owing to the Apennine range, presents a great diversity in its flora. 
Pinus Pinea, L., the ‘ Stone pine,” the seeds of which are eaten, 
and which once formed the beautiful forest of Ravenna; and the olive 
(Olea europea, L.), the fruit and oil of which form one of the chief 
products of the country, are the two most characteristic trees. The 
wood of the latter, used for ornamental purposes, is very beautiful. 
The slopes of the Alps and Apennines are clothed with chestnut 
and silver fir, Pinus halepensis, the manna or flowering ash 
(Fraxinus Ornus, L. ; nat. order, Oleacew), mulberry, beech, larch, 
and a variety of oaks, are also common. The mulberry (Jorus 
alba, L.) is grown chiefly as food for the silkworm. Among the 
oaks are enumerated Quercus Robur, L.; Q. Ilex, L., the ‘holm ” 
oak; Q. montella, Q. pyrenaica, Q. Aisculus, L. ; Q. Cerris, L. ; 
Q. Pseudo-suber, Sant.; Q. Suber, L.; Q. pseudo-coccifera, Dsf. ; 
and Q. coccifera, L., besides other forms not generally admitted as 
species. [See Laslett, pp. 43-76.] The service and white beam 
are used as in France, and, in addition to the laburnum, the hard 
wood of the Judas tree (Cercis Siliquastrum, L.; nat. order, 
Leguminose) is also indigenous. Besides the sycamore (Acer 
1 See also Mathieu, “ Flore Forestitre,” 1877. 
