398 ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 
JAPAN. 
Japan, except in some of the hilly districts, has a luxuriant 
vegetation. The chief forests consist of Cryptomeria japonica, the 
“Japanese cedar,” or “sugi,” introduced into England in 1843, 
It ranges chiefly from 500 to 1200 ft. above the sea, and attains a 
height of 60 to 100 ft., with a diameter of 4 or 5 ft. It, together 
with Planera japonica, “ keyaki” (nat. order, U/mace), is used 
for common lacquer ware. Among pines there are Pinus parvi- 
flora, Sieb. and Zuce. ; P. densiflora, Sieb. and Zuce.; and P. 
Thunbergit ; Sciadopitys verticillata, the umbrella pine ; Picea 
polita; Pseudolarix Kampferi, the golden larch; Thuja or 
Thujopsis dolabrata, Sieb. and Zuce., “hiba;” Biota orventahs, 
the arbor vite ; V’suga Sieboldit (= Abies Tsuga), “ Tsuganoki ;” 
Retinospora or Chamecyparis obtusa, the sun tree, “ hinoki,” 
reaching 70 ft. to 100 ft. high, which is burnt for charcoal ; and 
Gingko biloba, L. (=Salishuria adiantifolia), the maiden-hair 
tree, ‘Ishio,” being the chief other representatives of the Conifere. 
The evergreen oaks, such as Quercus glabra and Q. serrata, Thunb., 
and the maples, including Acer polymorphum and Negundo cissi- 
folium, are among the finest Japanese trees ; the mulberry, walnut, 
chestnut, and plum (Prunus pseudo-cerasus), “sakara,” are culti- 
vated, as is also the persimmon (Diospyros Kaki; nat. order, 
Ebenacee) ; and among other characteristic trees are the lacquer tree 
(Rhus vernicifera), and vegetable wax-tree (2. succedanea ; nat. 
order, Anacardiacee); the camphor (Cinnamomum camphora, 
Nees, = Laurus) ; Broussonetia papyrifera, the paper mulberry ; 
Magnolia hypoleuca, “ honoki,” used for charcoal ; the “ ailanto” 
(Ailantus glandulosa, Desf.; nat. order, Simarubew) ; the “yen 
ju” (Sophora japonica, L.), the flower-buds of which afford a dye ; 
and Paulownia imperialis, “ kizi,” from the wood of which the 
best lacquered articles are made.! 
5. Asta Minor, Syria, AND PeErsIA, 
The flora of this area differs but little from that of Southern 
Europe. Quercus pseudo-coccifera is by far the most abundant tree 
in Syria: Q. Zgilops, whose acorn-cups are imported for dyeing 
under the name of valonia, Q. Cerris, and Q. infectoria, whence 
Turkey gall-nuts are obtained, are also Levantine species ; and 
1 ¥Franchet and Savatier, ‘“‘Enumeratio plantarum in Japonia. . .,” 
Paris, 1875-79. 
