400 ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 
P. vera, L., the Pistacio ; whilst down to 3000 feet we have the 
olive and Zizyphus. This flora passes into that of the Western 
Himalayas. 
8. NortTHERN INDIA. 
The trees which do not require the moist heat of equatorial 
regions, and can resist the drought from April to June, are Legu- 
minose, such as Butea, Bauhinia, Acacia, and Dalbergia; Bombaa, 
Shorea, Nauclea, and Lagerstremia.  Magnoliacee, Camelliacee, 
oaks, and Rhododendrons are distinctive of the Himalaya, Cedrus 
deodara being hardly indigenous east of the sources of the Ganges, 
whilst Pinws longifolia forms much of the forest on the warm 
slopes. The tea-shrub (7hea assamica), the Aucuba, Abelia, and 
Skimmia are typical of the westward extension of the Chino- 
Japanese type; and the absence of Z%/ia and Lagus is also 
characteristic. Abies Brunoniana and Smithiana and the larch 
(unknown in the western part of the Himalayas) are found at 
8000 feet in Sikim, the yew and Abies Webbiana at 10,000 feet, 
whilst Pinus longifolia descends to the tropical zone. In Kumaon 
we have a more tropical flora, including Moringa, Bombax, Butea, 
Anogeissus, Erythrina, Acacia, Bauhinia, Nauclea, and Ulmus 
integrifola, and still Pinus longifolia. In Kashmir the plane and 
Lombardy poplar flourish, and the vegetation, which in the higher 
mountains hardly differs even in species from that of Afghanistan, 
Persia, and Siberia, has an eminently European aspect, as has also 
the flora of Western Thibet, in which, however, the juniper and 
poplar are the only trees besides cultivated fruit-trees. The pines 
of the Himalayas do not yield durable timber; but the deodar is 
much used, the “sal” (Shorea robusta, Gaertn.; nat. order, 
Dipterocarpee), the “toon” (Cedrela Toona, Roxb. ; nat. order, 
Meliacee), and “ sissoo,” ‘“shisham,” or “ rose-wood” (Dalbergia 
Sissoo, Roxb. ; nat. order, Leguminose), belonging to the lower 
levels, 2.¢., below 3000 feet, though the ‘“ toon ” reaches the altitude 
of 7000 feet in Sikim. Acacia arabica, Willd., the “ babil,” 
represents the Arabian type of North-West India. 
9. THe Inp1AN Monsoon Recron.! 
This region includes (1.) the Dekkan, or Western Peninsula ; 
1 The multiplicity of languages in India renders such a series of the various 
vernacular synonyms for each tree, as is given in Mr Gamble’s ‘‘ Manual,” 
impossible in an essay such as the present. 
