422 ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 
dant are Persea indica, “ Veiiatico” or “ Madeira mahogany,” 
Laurus canariensis, [lex platyphylla, Myrica Faya, and Viburnum 
rugosum. Persea indica ; Oreodaphne futens, the “Til;” and 
Ardisia excelsa, the “ Aderno” (nat. order, Myrsinacew), occur 
also in Madeira. Pinus canariensis and Juniperus Oxycedrus 
ascend to 6400 feet in Teneriffe. The latter has been almost ex- 
terminated in Madeira, where the chief fuel supply is derived from 
the introduced Pinws Pinaster. The mountains in the Azores are 
chiefly covered with tree-heath (Hrica arborea, L.), Juniper (Juniperus 
brevifolia, Hochst., closely allied to J. Oxycedrus, L.), and Faya 
(Myrica Paya, Ait.) ; but Pinus Pinea is planted in the islands, 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
Though without forests on the south-east, South America begins 
to be a timber-producing continent in the islands of the extreme 
south, where ‘ Cipre” (Libocedrus tetragona) is largely felled ; 
whilst north of the Straits of Magellan Vagus antarctica, the 
“‘Chilian beech,” /. Yorsteri, and Drimys Winteri, ‘ Winter's 
bark,” are abundant. In the inner valleys of the Chilian Cor- 
dilleras there are extensive virgin forests of large timber trees ; and 
the same is true of the upper part of the “ Sierra” region of Peru 
and the “Montafia” region. Podocarpus chilensis, Thuja chilensis, 
and Araucaria imbricata, the well-known Chili pine, may be men- 
tioned as characteristic of the southern area—‘‘ Lambras ” (Alnus 
acuminata), “Sauco” (Sambucus peruviana), “ Queiuar” or 
“Oliva silvestre” (Buddleia incana), “Paccay” (Jnga, sp.), from 
the sub-tropical Sierras round Lake Titicaca ; and the Chinchona, 
Erythroxylon Coca, and rubber-yielding species of Hevea, from the 
Montajia region of the Eastern Andes. The scraggy ‘‘ Algarrobo” 
(Prosopis horrida), and the willow (Salix Humboldtiana) of the 
Peruvian valleys, cannot rank as timber-trees ; nor is timber an 
article of export ; but the Montaiia region is practically continuous 
with the interior of Brazil. 
BRAZIL. 
The Brazilian empire possesses virgin forests covering an area 
half the size of Europe ; and no less than 300 kinds of useful 
timber were sent from them to the Paris Exhibition of 1873. Many 
of these are not yet weil known to botanists ; but there is in the 
