448 ECONOMIC FORESTRY. 
next in utility rank the “ white,” “hard,” “pitch” or “ Norway 
pine ” (Pinus Strobus, L.) and hemlock, Besides these there are: 
—“ Balsam” or “silver fir” (Picea balsamifera); “white” and 
black” or “double spruce ;” ‘mountain pine” (Pinus Pinea, 1.) ; 
“black” or “yellow birch” (Betula lutea, Michx.?), “ white,” 
“canoe,” or “ paper birch” (B. papyracea, Aiton), and “ dwarf,” 
“ mountain,” or “river birch” (B. lenta, L.?); “sugar,” “ rock,” 
or “birdseye maple” (Acer saccharinum, Wang.), ‘ red,” “ flower- 
ing,” “scarlet,” or “swamp maple” (A. rubrum, L.), ‘ mountain ” 
or “dwarf maple” (A. spicatwm, Lamk.), and “striped maple” 
or “ moose-wood ” (A, striatum, Lamk., or A. pennsylvanicum, L.1) ; 
beech (agus sylvatica, L.); elm (Ulmus americana, L.); horn- 
beam (Ostrya virginica, Willd.) ; “red oak” (Quercus rubra, L.) ; 
“white” and ‘black ash” (Wraxinus americana, L., and Ff. 
sambucifolia, Lamk.) ; ‘ choke,” “red” and ‘ black” or “ pigeon 
cherry” (Prunus virginiana, L. =P. borealis ?, P. pennsylvaniea, 
L., and P. serotina, Ehrh.), the latter extensively used in cabinet 
work ; and various poplars, including Populus tremuloides, Michx., 
and P. grandidentata, Michx., used for paper pulp. 
New BruNSWICK. 
The timber-producing lands of New Brunswick in 1874 were 
estimated at six million acres, mainly covered with hard woods 
such as beech, of which there are two varieties, the ‘‘ red” (Fagus 
JSerruginea, Aiton) and the “ white” (2. sylvatica, L.), the former 
the more valuable ; black, yellow, white, and paper birch ; ‘‘ rock 
maple” (Acer saccharinum, Wang.), ete.; “ white,” “red,” and 
“ Prince’s pine” (Pinus Strobus, L., P. resinosa, Aiton, and P. 
Banksiana, Lambert) ; ‘‘ white” and “ red elm” (Ulmus americana, 
L., and U. fulva, Michx.); “butternut” (Juglans cinerea, L.) ; 
“white,” “black,” and “red ash” (Fraxinus americana, L., F. 
sambucifolia, Lamk., and I’. pubescens, Lamk.) ; “yellow ash ;” 
“aspen” and “balsam poplar” (Populus tremuloides, Michx., and 
P. angustifolia, James!) ; “basswood” (Z%lia americana, L.) ; 
“jronbeam” (Ostrya virginica, Willd. ?) and “hornbeam” (Car- 
prnus americana, Michx.) occurring in considerable quantities ; and 
oak, chiefly Quercus rubra, L., in small quantities. Black spruce 
furnishes most of the deals exported, though the white and 
balsam spruces are also used. ‘ Hackmatac ” or “ Tamarac” 
(Larix americana, Michx.), “ Cedar” (Cupressus thyoides, L.), and 
