THE NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS OF CARNARVONSHIRE. 483 
at least, attaining greatest perfection in well-sheltered situations 
within the influence of the sea. The plant was formerly esteemed 
for medicinal qualities, and therefore denominated Tutsan, 7’owt- 
saine, q.d. All-heal. H. calycinum, although naturalised in several 
parts of England, cannot be included amongst our native plants. 
TILIACE& (One Species). 
6. The Common Lime (7%lia Luropea).—As to whether or not 
the lime or linden tree can be reckoned as a native of this country 
is a point on which even our greatest authorities are by no means 
agreed, some asserting that it was introduced by the Romans, and 
others that the first two trees were planted in England in 1590, and 
are still growing at Halstead, in Kent. The fact of its reproducing 
itself but very rarely, for it seldom springs up in uncultivated 
ground after the manner of indigenous trees, certainly favours the 
opinion of its being an introduced species. It is an ornamental 
tree, which, although destitute of the picturesque character which 
distinguishes the oak and some other trees, is, nevertheless, of an 
elegant habit, and when allowed plenty of room for full development, 
attains a large size, with a well-balanced head. As a park or 
avenue tree, the linden has long been a favourite with most 
European nations, for scarcely a town in either Germany or France 
wants its shady avenue or public walk composed of this tree ; 
while for the same purpose it is no less popular in our own country. 
The wood of the lime is of a pale yellow or white colour, close- 
grained, light, and smooth, qualities which specially adapt it for a 
great variety of uses, such as carvings, piano sounding-boards, and 
for all light work that requires to be partially painted and then 
varnished over. Gibbons, the celebrated carver in wood, usually 
employed timber from the lime for his finer works, indeed all the 
exquisite carvings which he executed for so many churches and 
palaces in England were of this wood. Of these perhaps the finest 
specimens are at Chatsworth, Windsor Castle, and in the College 
Library at Cambridge. For planting in bleak, exposed situations 
the lime is by no means a suitable tree, its favourite haunts and 
where it attains greatest perfection being the lower plains and 
valleys, and in deep, light, rather moist clayey loam. 
The common native lime is 7. parvifolia—a low-growing tree 
with small glabrous leaves; while that commonly planted is of 
South European origin, and has much larger leaves, which are 
downy beneath. It is known as 7. grandifolia, 
