492 THE NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS OF CARNARVONSHIRE. 
thickets of Carnarvonshire. It rarely exceeds 5 ft. or 6 ft. in 
height, with red bark, ovate opposite leaves, and terminal cymes of 
white flowers, which are succeeded by small black berries. 
CAPRIFOLIACE# (Four Species, belonging to Three Genera). 
39. The Common Elder (Sambucus nigra).—Although, when 
under cultivation, the elder attains to the size of a small tree, still, 
when met with in a wild state, as it commonly is in this county, 
it rarely exceeds 5 ft. or 6 ft. in height, and is far more inclined to 
assume a shrubby procumbent habit than to form a straight, upright 
stem. The Danewort (S. Lbulus) is also common in at least one 
station of which I am aware. The mountainous, uninhabited dis- 
trict in which it occurs entirely precludes the possibility of its 
having been introduced. For seaside situations the common elder is 
almost invaluable, and thrives well even in the very teeth of the 
blast, while in the formation of game coverts it is a valuable ad- 
junct if properly managed. 
40. The Guelder Rose (Viburnum Opulus).—In hedgerows and 
thickets this pretty shrub is occasionally to be met with, and where 
during early summer its small white cymes of flowers are usually 
borne in rich profusion. Usually it does not exceed 3 ft. or 4 ft. 
in height, with variously lobed or deeply-toothed leaves, and is 
glabrous in all its parts. 
41. The Common Honeysuckle (Lonicera Periclymenum). 
42, The Fly Honeysuckle (Z. Xylosteum).—Both these species 
are ornamental plants—the former as a straggling climber, and the 
latter a much-branched shrub of 4 ft. or 5 ft. in height, and usually 
downy in all its parts. The woodbine, or honeysuckle, not unfre- 
quently climbs to a height of 20 ft., with stems of 3 in. in diameter, 
and is surpassed by few native shrubs either in the profusion or 
fragrance of its flowers. In the fly honeysuckle will be found a 
shrub of very different habit to the latter, with small ovate or 
obovate leaves, and small flowers in axillary pairs ; these being suc- 
ceeded by bright scarlet berries, which give to the plant during 
autumn a by-no-means unornamental appearance. It is rare in this 
county, although in one or two woods I have found it in consider- 
able quantity. 
ERICACE# (Six Species, belonging to Two Genera). 
43. The Bilberry (Vacciniwm Myrtillus). 
44, The Cowberry (V. Vitis-idea). 
