548 STATE AND PROSPECTS OF ARBORICULTURE IN HAMPSHIRE. 
the most useful of all the underwoods. It makes the best hoops, 
hurdles for sheep, crate rods, spars, pea stakes, withes, ete. 
AsH is not so common, but is valuable for its quick growth and 
the uses it is fit for, which are hop poles, hoops, hurdles, sheep 
cages, scarlet runner bean stakes, etc. 
Oak is not so useful as ash, but some of it comes in for hoops, 
hurdles, crate rods, bean stakes, withes, etc. 
Marte is plentiful, but is little used ; occasionally for hoops, 
hurdles, stakes for fencing, faggots, and bavins. 
Brecu is of very little use, except for pea-stakes, faggots, etc. 
ALDER comes in for hop poles, broom and mop handles, and for 
gunpowder wood. When it reaches the size of 3 in. diameter it 
comes in for the manufacture of toys, ete. 
Bircw grows freely, and comes in for hop poles, hoops, hurdles, 
brooms, broom, mop, and rake handles, bean stakes, faggots, ete. 
SWEET CHESTNUT is a valuable copse wood in consequence of its 
quick and straight clean growth, making the best of hop poles, 
hoops, and hurdles. 
Witp Cuerry is plentiful in some coppices, and is valuable for 
hop poles, hoops, and hurdles. 
SycamMorE does not often occur, but is valuable, especially for 
hoops. 
Wittows are useful for hoops, hurdles, crate rods, bean stakes, 
etc., but are deficient in lasting power. 
Brrp CueErry (Cerasus Padus), or what is locally called “ black 
dogwood,” is scarce, and is the wood for gunpowder. 
SKEWER Woop (Zuonymus Europeus), as its name implies, is a 
capital wood for butchers’ skewers, being tasteless, easily split, and 
clean in the grain, It grows best on a chalk subsoil. 
Doewoop (Cornus sanguinea) is used for spars, withes, etc. 
ELpER (Sambucus nigra) is considered of little value, although 
no wood will last longer as fencing stakes, etc. 
GUELDER Rose or Corpse ELDER (Viburnum Latana) makes a 
light walking-stick, and the top is easily fashioned into shapes. 
Hawrnorn and BLacktHorn (Prunus spinosa) may produce a 
few walking-sticks, but are chiefly used for making dead hedges, 
which form an effective fence against sheep for a few years. When 
made into bavins, they are used for bottoms to hayricks. 
Cras Apple (Pyrus malus) is made into walking-sticks ; but it 
is best to leave the finest sticks, as they form a very ornamental 
tree when in full blossom. 
