HEDGEROW AND FIELD TIMBER. 553 
ing, small in proportion to the tree’s height. 2. That the roots 
have a downward tendency, or do not ramify to too great an extent. 
3. That the timber value is such as to compensate in some degree 
for the cost of planting and after-management in the way of prun- 
ing, fencing, etc. ; and 4. That the tree is well adapted for exposed 
situations and standing singly. Although but rarely do we find all 
these good qualities concentrated in one tree, still, with careful 
choice and good after-management, much can be done to produce 
the desired effect, even in trees of a partially opposite character. 
That the wrong class of timber has been, and is even yet, too often 
planted in our hedgerows, is painfully apparent to any one who has 
paid attention to the subject,—trees of wide-spreading habit in 
both root and branch occupying positions and doing irreparable 
damage where, with proper selection, others of an unobtrusive 
nature could with advantage have taken their place. Timely and 
judicious pruning is of the utmost importance in the production of 
hedgerow timber ; but to be productive of the best results, the 
work must be attended to early and prosecuted at intervals, as by 
skilfully shortening the branches from time to time the spread of 
root is likewise to a great extent prevented, thereby securing as it 
were a double benefit for the farmer. The renovation of old and 
neglected trees is, however, not so easily managed ; for care must 
be taken not to prune or cut within several feet of the tree’s bole, 
but at such a distance outward, and in such a way, that the minor 
and secondary branches may be preserved. 
Now, as to the most suitable trees for field and hedgerow plant- 
ing, nothing in our opinion approaches the Cornish elm (Ulmus 
Cornubiense)—a tree that unfortunately is far too seldom seen 
either as a standard or in our woodlands, and for which the 
nurseryman more than the planter is responsible, for it is not pro- 
pagated in anything like sufficient quantity for the demand. 
As a park or fence tree this distinct and well-marked variety of 
the elm has much to recommend it, such as narrow spread of 
branches in proportion to the gigantic height it attains, suitability 
for exposed situations, value uf timber produced, and last, but by 
no means least, the very decided ornamental character it imparts to 
the landscape when properly placed. Near the seashore at Penrhyn 
Castle, both as a woodland and standard tree, the Cornish elm has 
done well, specimens of from 60 ft. to 80 ft., and girthing 6 or 7 
ft. at a yard up, being not uncommon. ‘The narrow spread of 
branches is, however, the chief point of recommendation ; for even 
