HEDGEROW AND FIELD TIMBER. 557 
cently since we felled on one farm fifty of these trees, which together 
realised close on £100. Neither must this be considered an excep- 
tional case, for sums varying from £50 to £70 have frequently been 
received for the same number and class of timber produced on hedge 
banks or in field corners, and without in any way marring the 
landscape, but, I might add, with considerable benefit to the re- 
maining trees. No other tree with which I am acquainted would, 
when placed under similar circumstances, have been equally re- 
munerative, and at the same time occasioned less damage to its 
surroundings. 
The hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus), for exposed situations and 
poor soils, has few, if any, equal in the whole range of forest trees ; 
and although the timber is only of second or third-rate quality, still 
its thriving on poor soils and in cold, bleak situations renders the 
tree of particular value to the mountain farmer. Even on cold 
clays, where few other hardwoods could exist, and at high eleva- 
tions, the hornbeam seems quite at home, and attains large dimen- 
sions. 
The roots do not run near the surface, but, like those of the oak, 
derive sustenance at a considerable distance from the surface, which, 
combined with its somewhat upright inclination of growth and 
hardy nature, renders it well adapted for hedgerow or field planting 
where shelter combined with effect is required. For ordinary pur- 
poses—such as handles for tools, wheel-wright’s work, and, until 
glazed earthenware supplanted it, in the manufacture of milk 
vessels—the wood of the hornbeam, which is clean, white, and re- 
markably hard and durable, is in request. i 
The lime (Zilia Europea), although one of our most ornamental 
trees, can hardly be recommended as suitable for situations in 
which the underlying herbage is at stake. For this latter reason 
alone, however, can it be omitted from our list, and as it bears 
pruning well, and does not to any great extent impoverish the 
adjoining ground, and is at all times a pleasing object in the land- 
scape, it will be seen that the evil done by shade is, in a great 
degree, compensated for. The elegant form of the lime, combined 
with its luxuriant foliage and sweet blossoms, renders it a con- 
spicuous object wherever planted, but more particularly when 
placed singly in well-chosen spots on the green sward. It is 
usually of a pyramidal or cone shape in outline, remarkably 
symmetrical, and in winter when denuded of its foliage has a 
peculiarly pleasing appearance that is quite its own. The roots do 
