Sir E. F. Bromhead on the Botanical Alliances. 409 



vegetation, without true leafy appendages ; colour a non-herba- 

 ceous green or olivaceous or purple. Not reproductive out of 

 water, esexual, thecae (if present) not regularly dehiscing, ger- 

 minating by threads. None are poisonous. 



2. Chabales. — Articulate, ramose or sheathed; more or 

 less tubular or ductulose, branches (if any) verticillate, often 

 organizing earthy matter on the surface or transparent, not in 

 definite gelatine, without leafy appendages, acrogenous. Aco- 

 tyledonous, reproductive bodies of two kinds on the same or 

 different plants, germinating by confervoideous threads. In- 

 clining to a temperate habitat. 



3. OsMDNDALEs. — Ductulose ; stipe hollow ; dichotomously 

 veined ; acrogenous. Esexual, phyllocarpous. Sporules inde- 

 finite and often angular. Inclining to a mild insular habitat. 



4. Ephedbales. — Arboreous or frutescent, unigemmate or 

 articulately branched ; leaves (if any) pinnate or pinnately 

 veined, without branched venation, exstipulate, simple. Sexes 

 not united ; Iiiflorescence in cones or aments or spikes or heads 

 or solitary. Floral envelopes (if any) more or less persistent. 

 Corolla 0. Ovule 1, erect, more or less gymnospermous or 

 exalbuminous (Casuarinacea?). Albumen (if any) enclosing the 

 embryo ; embryo straight ; radicle turned from the hilum. 



Inclining to a tropical habitat. 



5. Ulmales. — Leaves alternate, simple. Stipules present 

 (exc. some Myricaceae). Calyx (if present) scarcely herba- 

 ceous, imbricate, persistent. Petals 0. Stamens definite, not 

 incurved. Carpels 1 or 2, free from the calyx, forming inde- 

 pendent cells, connate with each other. Stigmas divided or 

 dilated or lateral. Fruit without a cupule, drupaceous or nu- 

 camentaceous or with a tough separable endocarp. Ovules 1-2 

 to each carpel. Albumen (if present) enclosing the embryo, 

 not connate with the radicle. 



6. Urticales — Foliation passing from opposite and simple 

 and entire to scattered and divided ; stipules (if any) deciduous 

 or convolute in vernation. Sexes not united ; lujlorescence 

 not amentaceous, flowers small. Calyx present, lobed or other- 

 wise divided, seldom herbaceous. Petals 0. Stamens ad- 

 herent to the calyx or in its centre, not adelphous ; anthers 

 bilocular. Carpels 1-5, connate with each other. Fruit with. 



