FORESTS, FOREST TREES, AND AFFORESTATION IN CHOSEN. 45 



{Larix dahurica, var, Principis-Rupprechtii) for telegraph poles 

 and ships' masts; that of the Biyakushin {Juniperus chinensis) 

 for the manufacture of writing-pencils ; that of the Tohi {Picea 

 jezoiinsis), Chosen Hari-momi {Picea Koyamai), and of the 

 Toshirabe {Abies nephrolepis) for making wood-pulp; that of the 

 Doronoki {Populus Maximowiczii), the Chosen-doronoki {Pop. 

 saaveolens), the Chosen Yamanarashi {Pop. tremula), Amuuru- 

 shinanoki {Tilia amurensis), and of the Toshirabe {Abies 

 nephrolepis) for making match-splints ; that of the Onore-kamba 

 (Pak-tal-nam) {Betula Schmidtii) in the manufacture of Korean 

 and Chinese carts ; and that of Manshu-kurumi {Juglans 

 mandshurica) for making rifle stocks. 



Forests of Tohi, Chosen Hari-momi, Toshirabe, Chosen- 

 matsu, and Chosen Kara-matsu, mixed or more or less pure, 

 cover vast areas on the mountains in the extreme north of 

 Chosen. The Chosen Kara-matsu is found only on volcanic 

 soils in north-eastern Chosen, and especially on the Chang-pai- 

 san range of mountains, where it covers large areas and forms 

 extensive forests, often quite pure. The Aka-matsu {Pinus 

 densiflord) is found from the extreme south to the extreme north 

 of Chosen, mixed with hardwood trees or forming pure woods. 

 The other softwood trees are widely scattered through Chosen. 

 The remains of forests of hardwood trees occur here and there 

 throughout the length and breadth of Chosen, but extensive 

 forests of these trees grow chiefly on the mountains of the 

 Unsan district, and on the coastal ranges of south and north 

 Kankyo. 



If properly conserved these forests are capable of supplying 

 in perpetuity vast quantities of useful timber, and of being a 

 perpetual source of national revenue. 



The present system of the annual felling being done in more 

 or less rectangular areas of forests might with advantage be 

 changed to felling in straight or diagonal drives — say five cho 

 wide — thus sectioning the forests into separate blocks and 

 insuring considerable safety against forest fires. 



A natural renewal of forests may be effected if, when the 

 forests are being felled, mother trees be left standing. In the 

 matter of hardwood forests and forests of Tohi {Picea jezoensis), 

 Chosen Hari-momi {Picea Koyamai), and Toshirabe {Abies 

 nephrolepis), this is the most simple and economical method, 

 although it often needs to be supplemented by the planting of 



