158 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Canada it produces seed at intervals of 5 to 7 years, after the 

 twenty-fifth year; in the U.S.A., it seeds every 3 to 4 years. 

 According to the U.S. Forest Service, a bushel of cones will 

 average one pound of seed — a pound contains 55,000 to 70,000 

 seeds, with a germination of 89 per cent.. In Ontario, red pine 

 seed was found to average 0-26 of a pound to the bushel, and 

 52,000 seeds to the pound, with a germination of 90 per cent. 

 The average number of seeds per cone was found to be 37. 

 Seedlings prefer a mineral seed-bed, do not stand shade, but 

 are very hardy. Red pine seedlings do best with full exposure 

 to light; they are more intolerant than those of white pine, but 

 less so than jack pine. 



With its associates, white pine will seed up the ground ahead 

 of the red pine, owing to its greater degree of tolerance. Re- 

 seeding by red pine, to be certain, will depend to a great extent 

 on the condition of the soil and the forest cover. If fire has run 

 over the tract, jack pine will come away first, as it seeds every 

 year, and the heat of the fire releases the seed from the cones, 

 thereby enabling it to get a start of its associates. 



The U.S. Forest Service say: — "The intolerance of red pine 

 is indicated by the occurrence of its reproduction : under a shade 

 density of over 0-5, as a rule, it does not reproduce; it begins 

 to reproduce abundantly when the density falls to 0-3." 



In the thicket and polewood stages, its growth is very 

 rapid, eventually reaching a height of from 70 to 120 feet, with 

 a diameter of 2 to 3 feet. The branches are formed in whorls, 

 are thick and spreading, covering the young stem to the ground, 

 and forming an irregular pyramid, assuming a rather open 

 crown at maturity. 



The bark is very similar to that of Scots and Austrian pines. 

 On young trees the bark is dark brown, thin, and scaly, 

 becoming thick (f to r^ inch) on older trees, reddish brown, and 

 slightly divided by shallow fissures into broad, flat ridges, 

 covered by thin, loose, light scales. The root-system is deep, 

 with tap-root, giving off stout-branched lateral roots in regular 

 succession, thereby ensuring wind firmness. In Ontario, where 

 the red pine reaches its best development in Canada, the rain- 

 fall varies from 20 to 45 inches, with temperatures ranging from 

 105 Fah. in summer to 50° Fah. in winter. From U.S. records 

 it appears that in some parts of the Lake States where it grows, 

 there are frosts every month of the year, but the foliage of 



