32 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



along the west side the early rampart appeared to lie on a 

 double layer of oak-branches." Ash was employed as shafts 

 and handles of implements, but there is no evidence that it was 

 procured locally. In two cases only was ash-wood found not 

 associated with implements. A piece of wood from Pit VIII. 

 proved to be ash, and a portion about two inches long of a 

 branch about an inch in diameter, without bark, was found 

 among the earliest material received. These may have been 

 pieces of broken or discarded implement handles. A few 

 specimens of branches of the rowan {Pyrus aucuparia) and of 

 the white beam {Pyrus Aria) were found, and there seems little 

 doubt that these trees have been wild in Scotland from very 

 early times. One or two specimens of the wood of alder were 

 encountered, and similarly a few of poplar (or willow). 



Thus it will be seen that the trees, recognised by the wood 

 anatomy of twigs and branches, with portions of bark, which 

 one may regard as growing locally at Newstead at the time of 

 the occupation of the Roman Camp, number seven only : — oak, 

 birch, hazel, willow or poplar, alder, rowan, white beam. 



2. Leaves and the soft parts of plants were not sufficiently 

 well preserved in most cases to enable one to identify them. 

 However, a few remains of this nature were in fairly satisfactory 

 condition, and among them I was able to identify leaves of 

 hazel and leaves of birch. 



The pieces of bark recognised belong to the following 

 species : — oak, birch, hazel, rowan. 



The brushwood from below the log-pavement of the Locklee 

 Crannog was, it appears, composed of woods belonging to one 

 or other of the following trees : — birch, hazel, alder, willow. 

 The twigs and branches of the nature of bushwood found in the 

 material from the Newstead site are chiefly hazel and birch, while 

 twigs of alder and willow, although not plentiful, were also found. 



Alder and willow are trees preferring damp situations, so that 

 their occurrence, perhaps in some quantity, in the vicinity of 

 the Lochlee Crannog at the time of its occupation is easily 

 understood. Hazel and birch, with alder and willow more 

 plentiful perhaps in moist situations, were I am inclined to 

 believe, somewhat dominant trees in the primeval woods of 

 North Britain. 



