82 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



ment of the State and contains an enormous head of game, 

 consisting of wild boars, red and roe-deer. 



Cause of the Deforestation of certain Areas. 

 In the year 1889 the nun-moth {Liparis monacha) appeared 

 in destructive numbers, by 1890 4942 acres of trees had been 

 defoUated, and in spite of all endeavours the destruction 

 continued till the month of June 1891, when a disease which 

 stopped their progress appeared among the caterpillars. The 

 result of this attack was that — principally in the interior of the 

 forest — 6901 acres came under the axe. This was made up 

 of — 58 per cent, mature timber, 27 per cent, of timber approaching 

 maturity, 13 per cent, half-grown timber, and 2 per cent, of 

 young wood Subsequent experience showed that totally defoli- 

 ated spruce trees of all ages were killed, while those which were 

 only partially defoliated, in most cases became green again 

 and recovered completely. In the case of the Scots pine the 

 leaves of the current year were left, and these sufficed to maintain 

 the transpiration current, and to thus preserve the life of the tree. 

 The larch and the broad-leaved trees on the whole withstood 

 the attack. The wood cut within three years amounted to 

 50,682,773 cubic feet, whereof 74 per cent, was of timber 

 dimensions. The gross income yielded was ;^437>309- The 

 work involved in cutting this timber gave employment to 4000 

 men. All the trees were barked. The bark and branches were 

 burned. In order to facilitate the transport a normal gauge 

 railway, 5 miles in length, was laid down in 1890 by the Royal 

 Bavarian Railway Battalion. This was brought into connection 

 with the felling-areas by narrow-gauge light railways with movable 

 rails. The timber was transported over these light railways in 

 trucks drawn by horses. On the forest railway a rolling stock 

 of 45,000 waggons was kept employed for 585 working days 

 (i2th December 1890 to 28th November 1892), and removed 

 59 per cent, of the total fall. The remainder was transported 

 by road. In the years 1894 and 1895, the forest was struck by 

 a whirlwind and was also visited by severe winter storms. In 

 the partially opened-up forest these storms caused a wind-throw 

 of 9,545,320 cubic feet and increased the area to be re-afforested 

 by 9390 acres. The total fall of timber now amounted to over 

 600,000,000 cubic feet. There was no subsequent damage done 

 to the remainder of the forest by insects. 



