THE STATE AND PRIVATE WOODLANDS. I23 



woods have been steadily rising in value. The State has not 

 been afraid to make its management more intensive. 



Among continental countries, State ownership of a consider- 

 able area of wood is also invariably accompanied by a complete 

 and thorough educational system. Perhaps in no other way 

 does the private owner stand to benefit more from State action 

 than in this. In Hungary, there are about half-a-dozen schools 

 for forestry apprentices, apart from the higher educational 

 institutions. In Germany, there is a much bigger number of the 

 same type of school. These schools are worked in conjunction 

 with State forests, and the training given qualifies the men to 

 act as forest overseers and guards, that is for the lower branches 

 of the State service. Then in each country there are institutions 

 for higher education where a complete scientific training can be 

 got. Each State has at least one such place, and some of them 

 have several. Germany has eight, some of them as University 

 Departments and others as separate colleges. In addition, or 

 often in connection with these, there are research stations with 

 special investigators detailed off for special work. Then, 

 directly for the benefit of the landowner and land agent, in- 

 struction in forestry is given in the agricultural colleges. It 

 is interesting to note that the comparative failure of private 

 forestry in some parts of Germany, is attributed to the fact that 

 formerly the agricultural colleges in these parts did not teach 

 the subject. The landowners or land agents, when studying at 

 the agricultural college, had thus no opportunity of studying 

 the subject. Nowadays this has mostly been put right, and in 

 some of the agricultural colleges, forestry occupies a surprisingly 

 prominent place. Other educational facilities are also provided 

 to suit the special circumstances of each country. 



Closely associated with this, is the system of placing at the 

 disposal of the landowner, expert advice as to the laying down 

 and management of his woods. This work of advising is, in 

 some cases, done by the ordinary State officers of the district ; 

 in others, bv special officers, or by the staffs of the various 

 teaching bodies. Some of the countries have developed this 

 system to a considerable extent. In Bavaria, the local officers 

 are lent where possible, but in addition there is a special staff 

 of officers who, though they rank with the ordinary officials, 

 have no State woods to manage, and whose whole time is 

 occupied in sasisting and advising private owners and public 



