80 TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE  [Sess. cxrx. 
cotyledons visible) up to full maturity and death. The 
condition in which the plants pass the winter should be 
represented. The entire plants should be prepared to show 
all the organs visible at each period of life, and they should 
be selected to show the range of diversity within the species 
as regards roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, With each 
specimen should be a brief statement of habitat, exposure, 
soil, and food in it, and relationship to other specimens if 
grown as members of a series or for experimental aims. The 
inflorescence should be well shown, along with dissections of 
the flower and of its parts, with drawings of parts too small 
to be clearly observed in the dry state, and brief notes to 
draw attention to any points requiring or deserving explana- 
tion. The development of the flower should be shown, also 
the ovary and ovules; and the young embryos should have 
their development illustrated by drawings and _ brief 
explanations. So with the mature fruit and seed, the 
rupture of the fruit and the distribution of the seeds. The 
internal structure of these several parts should be indicated 
by sketches and brief explanations; and the organs of 
nutrition (root and leaf) should be well shown, being simple 
in this plant. The hairs on each part should be sketched 
and their uses indicated. The forms of hard waste ground, 
of agricultural soil, and so on, should be shown, as illustrating 
effects of environment and nutrition. The close connection 
between this plant and man’s occupancy of soil in Scotland 
should be indicated, with a brief note of its chief associates 
and its importance as a weed. As regards taxonomy, the 
cover should bear on it the synonymy of the plant; and one 
or more sheets should be given to a series of preparations to 
illustrate the characters of the various grades of classification, 
from species through genera to family at least, these 
preparations being accompanied by drawings and descriptions. 
A few examples from other species lable to be mistaken for 
charlock (e.g. Raphanus Raphanistrum, and some species of 
Brassica) may find a place, with notes calling attention to 
their distinctive. features. 
The injuries done to seedlings by various beetles, and to 
older plants by gall-making beetles on roots, by caterpillars, 
by grubs mining in the leaves, by beetles in flowers or in 
fruits, are all of importance to the plants’ welfare, and should 
