226 THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. [Sess. uxt. 
appealed to a wide audience besides his academic one. 
Practical problems associated with the activities of plants, 
whether useful or hurtful, always attracted him, and he 
readily responded to the many claims made upon him to 
discourse on the scientific principles underlying practice in 
large industries which were based upon plant life. Thus 
brewing was a subject to which he gave much attention, 
investigating the fungi of vats and crystallising the points of 
his teaching in contributions to the periodicals of the industry. 
The question of timber and its diseases came prominently 
under his notice as an instructor at Cooper's Hill of young 
men about to enter the Indian Forest Service, and his books 
on the subject, as well as upon plant-disease as a whole, have 
done much to spread sound knowledge. No botanist of our 
time has done so much to promulgate correct views upon the 
work of plants as factors in our everyday life. The economic 
side of plant life fascinated him indeed, and in his address at 
the British Association at Toronto he took this as his sub- 
ject. Marshall Ward was a great teacher. But the greatness 
of a teacher lives, however, only by tradition, and this 
weakens as those who have been directly influenced by it dis- 
appear. A new generation has its own teachers without 
basis of comparison with the old. Marshall Ward has, 
however, written his name large on the roll of fame to all 
time through the brilliant contributions to natural knowledge 
he has made, by his illuminating treatment of biological 
problems, and by the new lines of. research he has initiated. 
No one of our generation has done more solid work for 
botanical science. The twenty-seven years of his active work 
of investigation were full years. The records of his work are 
laden with achievements and fertile suggestion. 
At the outset of his career, and under the influence oi the 
researches which Strasburger in particular was giving to 
the world, Marshall Ward took up the question of embryo 
sac development in Angiosperms, and in the two papers which 
he published he established many new basal facts, now the 
common property of botanists. 
Later, in 1887, in a paper upon the fruit and seeds of 
Rhamnus, he, along with his pupils, published the results of 
an investigation which was of the greatest interest, for he. 
showed that in the raphe of the seeds there is localised a 
