Mar. 1911.] BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 155 
or less rosette habit, such as Bellis perennis, Leontodon 
autumnale, Hypocheeris radicata, Ranunculus acris, Plantago 
lanceolata; or procumbent, as Trifolium repens, Thymus 
serpyllum, Luzula campestris, Scabiosa succisa. 
In fact, in farm-yards where the ground is very much 
trodden by fowls and other animals, the rosette forms often 
dominate, especially Bellis and Plantago major. Rumex 
obtusifolius is also characteristic of such situations. 
That this character of the vegetation is in part at least 
the result of the grazing and treading of animals, and 
perhaps of exposure to wind, is also shown by the divergent 
physiognomy exhibited by pasture on steep slopes and by 
dyke-sides along fields, etc., where these factors operate to a 
less extent or not at all. There the vegetation is taller, 
and plants of varying height go to make it up, e.g.— 
Tall—Heracleum sphondylium, Anthriscus sylvestris, 
Angelica sylvestris, Senecio aquaticus, Sonchus_ oleraceus, 
Lychnis dioica. 
Intermediate-—Plantago lanceolata, Galium  verum, 
Achillea ptarmica, A. millefolium, Leontodon autumnale, 
Hypocheris radicata, Lathyrus pratensis, Vicia cracca, 
V. sepium, Trifolium pratense. 
Short—Trifolium repens, Lotus corniculatus, Cerastium 
triviale, Thymus serpyllum. 
In addition to this the taller grasses occur only in such 
places, e.g.— 
Avena elatior, Festuca pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, 
Phleum pratense, Alopecurus pratensis. 
These of course are grasses of the cultivated land (fodder 
or weeds), and it is only as strays that they occur at all 
outside of it. 
Associations. 
Sub-formation £.—Heath pasture. 
1. Nardus association. 
2. Agrostis-Calluna transitional association. 
3. Pteris association. 
4. Luzula sylvatica association. 
Sub-formation II.—Neutral pasture. 
1. Cynosurus-Agrostis association. 
2. Poa pratensis association. 
